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John Derek Freeman
Derek Freeman
Born	August 15, 1916 Wellington, New Zealand
Died	July 6, 2001 Canberra, Australia
Occupation	Anthropologist
Spouse	Monica Maitland

John Derek Freeman (b. August 15, 1916, Wellington, New Zealand; d. July 6, 2001, Canberra, Australia^[1]) was a New Zealand anthropologist best known^[2] for his work in attempting to refute the claims of Margaret Mead in her study of Samoan society, as described in her 1928 ethnography Coming of Age in Samoa. His effort "ignited controversy of a scale, visibility, and ferocity never before seen in anthropology."^[2]

Contents 1 Life 2 Samoan research and Margaret Mead controversy 3 Works 4 References 5 Notes

Freeman was raised in Wellington, New Zealand by an Australian father and an upper-class Wellington mother, reared in Presbyterian tradition. He attended Victoria University College and studied psychiatry and philosophy. While at school, he studied under Ernest Beaglehole, who in turn had been a student of Edward Sapir. Beaglehole encouraged Freeman's interest in Mead's groundbreaking 1928 work, and this led him to visit Samoa in April 1940 to do ethnographic research.^[3] Freeman spent three years in Samoa as a schoolteacher, during which time he learned to speak the Samoan language fluently, was adopted into a Samoan family, and received a chiefly title.^[2]

In 1943, Freeman left Samoa to enlist in the Royal New Zealand Volunteer Naval Reserve, and served in the Pacific receiving surrenders from the Japanese navy. During this time, he came into contact with the Iban people of Borneo; this experience inspired him to return to do fieldwork in Sarawak. In 1949, he married Monica Maitland, with whom he spent 30 months in Borneo.

Freeman returned to England in 1951 and was accepted into King's College at the University of Cambridge, where he completed his doctoral thesis on the Iban in 1953. He subsequently taught at the University of Otago in New Zealand, and the University of Samoa. In 1966, Freeman returned to Samoa to conduct further research on psychological and ethnographic terms.

Freeman died of congestive heart failure in 2001 at the age of eighty-four.

Freeman described incongruities between Mead's published research and his observations of Samoans:

“

In my early work I had, in my unquestioning acceptance of Mead's writings, tended to dismiss all evidence that ran counter to her findings. By the end of 1942, however, it had become apparent to me that much of what she had written about the inhabitants of Manu'a in eastern Samoa did not apply to the people of western Samoa...Many educated Samoans, especially those who had attended college in New Zealand, had become familiar with Mead's writings about their culture...[and] entreated me, as an anthropologist, to correct her mistaken depiction of the Samoan ethos.[4]

”

Freeman conducted research for more than forty years, describing his research as concluding in 1981 when he was finally granted access to the archives of the High Court of American Samoa for the 1920s;^[5] consequently, his refutation was published only after Mead's death in 1978. Freeman says that he informed Mead of his ongoing work in refuting her research when he met her in person in November 1964^[5] and engaged in correspondence with her;^[6] nevertheless, he has come under fire for not publishing his work at a time when Mead could reply to his accusations.^[7]

Freeman's 1983 critique asserts that Mead was tricked by native informants who were lying to her^[8] and that these misconceptions reinforced Mead's doctrine of "absolute cultural determinism" that entirely neglects the role of biology and evolution in human behavior, concentrating instead on the cultural influences.^[9] Freeman also argues that "Mead ignored violence in Samoan life, did not have a sufficient background in--or give enough emphasis to--the influence of biology on behavior, did not spend enough time in Samoa, and was not familiar enough with the Samoan language."^[10]

Freeman's refutation was met by some with accusations of "circumstantial evidence, selective quotation, omission of inconvenient evidence, spurious historical tracking and other critical observations,"^[8] resulting in "major questions" about the validity and honesty of his scholarship.^[9]

• Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth (1983), ISBN 0-14-022555-2
• The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead: A Historical Analysis of her Samoan Research (1999), ISBN 0-8133-3693-7

• Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth by Derek Freeman, Harvard University Press, 1983, ISBN 0-14-022555-2.
• "The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead: A Historical Analysis of her Samoan Research book review" by Grant McCall, Australian Journal of Anthropology, April, 2001.
• "Culture, Biology, and Evolution: The Mead–Freeman Controversy Revisited" by Paul Shankman, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Springer Netherlands, Volume 29, Number 5 / October, 2000, ISSN 0047-2891: Pages 539-556.
• "Derek Freeman: 1916-2001" by Donald Tuzin, American Anthropologist, September 2002, Vol. 104, No. 3, pp. 1013-1015.
• "Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture", Library of Congress, February 15, 2006.

1. ^ "Culture War resource: Margaret Mead's student refutes her 'work'", ABC Science Show radio transcript, FreeRepublic.com, July 14, 2001.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Tuzin, page 1013.
3. ^ Freeman 1983, Preface, page xiii.
4. ^ Freeman 1983, Preface, pages xiv-xv.
5. ^ ^{a b} Freeman 1983, Preface, page xvi.
6. ^ Library of Congress, "Mead Responds to Freeman."
7. ^ "Misguided Views from Defenders of the Clever Country" by Ron Brunton, The Courier-Mail, July 21, 2001.
8. ^ ^{a b} McCall, page 1.
9. ^ ^{a b} Shankman, page 539.
10. ^ Library of Congress, "Afterward: Derek Freeman and Margaret Mead."