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Drug Abuse Resistance Education, better known as DARE or D.A.R.E., is an international education program that seeks to prevent use of illegal drugs, membership in gangs, and violent behavior. DARE, which has expanded globally since its founding in 1983, is the major demand-side drug control strategy of the U.S. War on Drugs. Students who enter the latest of over a dozen versions of the program sign a pledge not to use drugs or join gangs and are taught by local law enforcement about the dangers of drug use in a high-tech, interactive, ten week in-school curriculum. According to the D.A.R.E. website, 36 million children around the world — 26 million in the U.S. — are part of the program. The program is implemented in 80% of the nation's school districts, and 54 countries around the world.^[1]

Contents 1 Overview 2 D.A.R.E. curriculum 3 History 4 Funding 5 Criticisms 5.1 D.A.R.E. is ineffective and/or has the opposite effect of promoting drug use 5.2 D.A.R.E. is ineffective in reducing violence 5.3 D.A.R.E. has tried to suppress unfavorable research 5.4 D.A.R.E. attacks motives and integrity of critics 5.5 D.A.R.E. rejects scientific evidence 5.6 D.A.R.E. teaches misleading information 5.7 D.A.R.E. police officers may be problematic in classrooms 5.8 D.A.R.E. undermines parental authority and the family 5.9 D.A.R.E. wastes both time and money and should be replaced by effective programs 5.10 D.A.R.E. is not redistributing profits from merchandise sales 5.11 D.A.R.E. retains support in the face of research and criticism 6 Positive effects of D.A.R.E. 6.1 D.A.R.E. promotes interaction with police officers 6.2 D.A.R.E. is more than an anti-drug program 6.3 D.A.R.E. creates jobs and stimulates the economy 7 The D.A.R.E. T-Shirt 7.1 Parody of the shirt 8 D.A.R.E. police cars 9 D.A.R.E. in the UK 10 Developments 11 See also 12 References 13 External links

D.A.R.E. America,Inc., a national non-profit organization, is the main resource center that manages the program, provides officer training, supports the development and evaluation of the D.A.R.E. curriculum, markets student educational materials, sells D.A.R.E.-branded products, monitors instruction standards and program results, and maintains awareness of the program. The D.A.R.E. program has received numerous accolades and awards for delivering the message to keep "kids off drugs."^[1]

D.A.R.E. was one of the first national programs promoting zero tolerance. Some alternative programs advocate a harm reduction approach to drugs.^[2]

The instructors of the D.A.R.E. curriculum are local police officers who must undergo 80 hours of special training in areas such as child development, classroom management, teaching techniques, and communication skills. For high school instructors, 40 hours of additional training are prescribed.^[1][3] Police officers are invited by the local school districts to speak and work with students. Police officers are permitted to work in the classroom by the school district and do not need to be licensed teachers. There are programs for different age levels. Working with the classroom teachers, students work over a number of sessions on workbooks and interactive discussions.

The course is complemented by a variety of activities aimed at children, such as D.A.R.E. songs which the students sing together, role-playing, as well as picture storybooks.

Elementary students are given lessons about the effects of^[4]

• Tobacco smoking and Tobacco advertising
• Drug abuse
• Inhalant
• Alcohol consumption and health
• Peer pressure in a Social network

The senior high school D.A.R.E. project is a reinforcement with the prime lessons for students^[5]

• to act in their own best interest when facing high-risk, low-gain choices
• to resist peer pressure and other influences in making their personal choices

D.A.R.E. America, a national non-profit organization, was founded in 1983 by Los Angeles Police chief Daryl Gates.^[6] Narcotics-related crimes were the main problems that the LAPD faced. D.A.R.E. was based on his contention that the present generation had already surrendered to drug dependency and that the country's future lay with the readiness of its children to resist involvement.^[6] Gates believed that uniformed police officers were the best equipped to deliver the message that drugs are bad.

The Safe and drug-free schools act (Improving America's Schools Act of 1994) provided funding for use in D.A.R.E. programs in the United States.

In 1994, the National Institute of Justice published a summary^[7] of a study conducted by the Research Triangle Institute.^[8] The study suggested that D.A.R.E. would benefit from a revised curriculum, which was launched in the fall of 1994.

In the 1996 State of the Union address, President Bill Clinton singled out D.A.R.E. for praise: "People like these D.A.R.E. officers are making a real impression on grade-school children that will give them strength to say no when the time comes."^{[9] [10]}

Two years later, the National Institute of Justice presented it’s Report to the United States Congress and concluded that “D.A.R.E. does not work to reduce substance use.”^[11]

Since its inception, some school districts and states have implemented other similar programs as part of general health education. The D.A.R.E. program has become one political battleground of the government drug policy.

D.A.R.E. America is funded largely as a crime prevention program working through education within schools. It receives funding from the U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of State, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Bureau of Justice Administration, U.S. Office of Justice and Delinquency Prevention, corporations, foundations, individuals and other sources. ^[12] In addition, state training and local programs typically receive funding from state legislature appropriations, state agencies, counties, cities, school districts, police agencies, individuals, and community fund raisers and other sources. ^{[13] [14] [15] [16]}

D.A.R.E. has fallen under heavy criticism from various sources for many reasons. As part of the War on Drugs program, the D.A.R.E. program is on the front line of widely opposed measures. Some critics of the D.A.R.E. program, notably, the Students for Sensible Drug Policy, commonly criticize the government drug policy in general.^[17] The most common argument being that just as Prohibition was ineffective against alcohol consumption, so is the War on Drugs ineffective in curbing Recreational drug use.^[18]

The most common criticism of the D.A.R.E program is that it is ineffective, and that there is no proof that students who go through the D.A.R.E. program are any less likely to use drugs.^[19] The U.S. Surgeon General's office, the National Academy of Sciences,^[20] the U.S. General Accountability Office (GAO), the National Institute of Justice,^[21] and the California Legislative Analyst's Office^[22] have also concluded that the program is ineffective.^[23] Researchers at Indiana University, commissioned by Indiana school officials in 1992, found that those who completed the D.A.R.E. program subsequently had significantly higher rates of hallucinogenic drug use than those not exposed to the program.^[24] Research by Dr. Dennis Rosenbaum,^[25] found that D.A.R.E. graduates were more likely than others to drink alcohol, smoke tobacco and use illegal drugs. Other researchers have also found D.A.R.E. to be counterproductive.^[26] The U.S. General Accountability Office has concluded that the program is sometimes counterproductive in some populations, with those who graduate from D.A.R.E. later having higher rates of drug use.

Psychologist Dr. William Colson has asserted that D.A.R.E. increases drug awareness so that "as they get a little older, they become very curious about these drugs they've learned about from police officers."^[27] The scientific research evidence to date indicates that the officers are unsuccessful in preventing the increased awareness and curiosity from being translated into illegal use. That fact may explain why some research has found the D.A.R.E. program to be associated with increased use of drugs. The evidence suggests that, by exposing young impressionable children to drugs, the program is in fact encouraging and nurturing drug use.^[28]

The National Institute of Justice lists D.A.R.E. under the category of “What Doesn’t Work”^[29] In 2001, the Surgeon General of the United States, David Satcher M.D. Ph.D., placed the D.A.R.E. program in the category of "Does Not Work."^[30]

An article in Reason Magazine cites that Administrators of the D.A.R.E. program tried to suppress unfavorable research in the 1994 study^[8][7] conducted by the Research Triangle Institute. The “organization spent $41,000 to try to prevent widespread distribution of the RTI report and started legal action aimed at squelching the study.” ^[31] The director of publication of the American Journal of Public Health told USA Today that "DARE has tried to interfere with the publication of this. They tried to intimidate us."^[32] When Dateline NBC planned a story on D.A.R.E., the producer received an angry reaction from that organization’s spokesperson. "They worked very hard to get our story suppressed," said the producer.^[32] After reporter Dennis Cauchon published a story questioning the effectiveness of D.A.R.E. in USA Today, he received letters from classrooms around the country, all addressed to "Dear DARE-basher," and all using nearly identical language.^[32]

After it published a negative story by Stephen Glass about D.A.R.E., Rolling Stone became the defendant in a libel lawsuit as a result. Glass later settled separately with D.A.R.E.^[33] The suit against Rolling Stone was dismissed in April 2000.^[34] U.S. District Judge Virginia A. Phillips dismissed the suit and said there was "no clear and convincing evidence that Rolling Stone acted with malice when it published freelancer Stephen Glass's article accusing DARE of harassing critics."^[35]

"DARE has long dismissed criticism of its approach as flawed or the work of groups that favor decriminalization of drug use," according to the New York Times. ^[36] In a press release titled "Pro-drug Groups Behind Attack on Prevention Programs; DARE Seen as Target as Mayors' Conference Called to Combat Legalization Threat," D.A.R.E. asserted that pro-drug legalization individuals and groups were behind criticisms of the program, which were portrayed as based on "vested interests" and "to support various individual personal agendas at the expense of our children." ^[37]

DARE has also attacked critics for allegedly being motivated by their financial self-interest in programs that compete with DARE. It has charged that "they are setting out to find ways to attack our programs and are misusing science to do it. The bottom line is that they don't want police officers to do the work, because they want it for themselves." ^[38] Critics have also been dismissed as simply being jealous of D.A.R.E.‘s success. ^[39]

One DARE supporter has observed that "the group is its own worst enemy because it has spent so much effort attacking the evaluators, rather than learning from research." ^[40]

According to the U.S. National Institute of Justice, "Officials of D.A.R.E. America are often quoted as saying that the strong public support for the program is a better indicator of its utility than scientific studies." ^{[41] [42]}

D.A.R.E. tends to rely on feelings and impressions. One leader explained that "I don't have any statistics for you. Our strongest numbers are the numbers that don't show up.” ^[43] The organization typically uses anecdotal stories as supposed evidence of effectiveness. ^[44]

"In DARE's worldview, Marlboro Light cigarettes, Bacardi rum, and a drag from a joint are all equally dangerous. For that matter, so is snorting a few lines of cocaine." D.A.R.E. "isn't really education. It's indoctrination."^[45] David J. Hanson Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the State University of New York at Potsdam, NY, contends that labeling alcoholic beverages as gateway drugs and also equating alcohol with other drugs is misleading and counterproductive.^[46]

According to Newsweek, some critics of DARE say that "using police, the ultimate symbol of authority, is precisely what many kids rebel against."^[47]

Michael Roona, an expert who worked on a DARE revision, believes that "For certain segments of the population… the presence of a cop in the classroom will be problematic" He asserts that "the level of trust a youth will have when interacting with a non-judgmental clinical psychologist, teacher, or social worker engaged in a nurturing or therapeutic activity is orders of magnitude greater than they will have when interacting with a law enforcement officer, especially in communities where even honest, hard working, drug free residents see cops as gang members who simply wear different colors than the Crips, Bloods, or Latin Kings."^[48]

The program has also been criticized by those who believe that it is a waste of police time ^[49] and "by those who believe police should be out fighting crime, leaving drug education to teachers, counselors, and social workers." ^[50]

"D.A.R.E. has always warred on the family, pitting kids against parents" according to Joel Miller, a former aide for the California legislature. He writes that "Children are asked to submit to D.A.R.E. police officers sensitive written questionnaires that can easily refer to the kids' homes" and that "a D.A.R.E. lesson called 'The Three R's: Recognize, Resist, Report' … encourages children to tell friends, teachers or police if they find drugs at home."^[51]

In addition, "D.A.R.E. officers are instructed to put a ‘D.A.R.E. Box’ in every classroom, into which students may drop 'drug information' or questions under the pretense of anonymity. Officers are instructed that if a student 'makes a disclosure related to drug use,' the officer should report the information to further authorities, both school and police. This apparently applies whether the 'drug use' was legal or illegal, harmless or harmful. In a number of communities around the country, students have been enlisted by the D.A.R.E. officer as informants against their parents."^[52]

As a result, "children sometimes confide the names of people they suspect are illegally using drugs. A mother and father in Caroline County, Md., were jailed for 30 days after their daughter informed a police DARE instructor that her parents had marijuana plants in their home, according to a story in The Washington Post in January 1993. The Wall Street Journal reported in 1992 that ‘In two recent cases in Boston, children who had tipped police stepped out of their homes carrying DARE diplomas as police arrived to arrest their parents.’ In 1991, 10-year-old Joaquin Herrera of Englewood, Colo., phoned 911, announced, ‘I'm a DARE kid’ and summoned police to his house to discover a couple of ounces of marijuana hidden in a bookshelf, according to the Rocky Mountain News. The boy sat outside his parents' home in a police patrol car while the police searched the home and arrested the parents. The policeman assigned to the boy's school commended the boy's action."^[53]

"In the official DARE Implementation Guide, police officers are advised to be alert for signs of children who have relatives who use drugs. DARE officers are first and foremost police officers and thus are duty-bound to follow up leads that might come to their attention through inadvertent or indiscreet comments by young children."^[54]

In the 1930s, the Soviet regime rewarded young children who betrayed to the authorities words of criticism their parents spoke about the great Stalin, reports James Bovard. "Stalin's idea of a good young Communist demanded . . . the qualities of an enthusiastic young nark " With D.A.R.E., "police and public schools are using methods reminiscent of those used by Stalin in the American war on drugs and leaving a path of devastated families in the wake."^[55]

The cost of the D.A.R.E. program in the U.S. alone has been estimated at $1.04 to $1.34 billion per year. ^[56] Another criticism is that D.A.R.E. is not only a very expensive program but that it "consumes approximately seventeen hours of academic time that would otherwise be available for science, math, reading or some other academic subject. In the absence of any proof that D.A.R.E. works, this is a substantial sacrifice of valuable school time."^[57] "Every dollar spent on D.A.R.E. is a dollar not available for a useful, educationally sound drug education program in schools.”^[57]

It is also argued that D.A.R.E. should be replaced by programs of proven effectiveness.^[58] The U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has identified 66 alternative model programs.^[59]

The sheriff of Lake County, Florida, explains that "all workbooks, materials and the very popular T-shirts must be purchased by the Sheriff's Office from D.A.R.E. America Inc. Often, the material and T-shirts could be purchased locally at less expense."

He was surprised and disappointed to learn that the not-for-profit D.A.R.E. corporation now also promotes the sale of its merchandise by for-profit businesses. These private companies can make 80% profit. Of the 20% returned to D.A.R.E. America, Inc., by the companies, none is returned to the local areas from which the profits are derived to support the program.^[60]

Despite the criticism and notable research facts, D.A.R.E. is completely consistent with the "zero-tolerance orthodoxy of current U.S. drug control policy." According to researcher Dr. D. M. Gorman of the Rutgers University Center of Alcohol Studies, it supports the ideology and the “prevailing wisdom that exists among policy makers and politicians."^[61] It also meets the needs of stake holders such as school districts,^[62] parents, and law enforcement agencies. “Part of what makes DARE so popular is that participants get lots of freebies. There are fluorescent yellow pens with the DARE logo, tiny Daren dolls, bumper stickers, graduation certificates, DARE banners for school auditoriums, DARE rulers, pennants, Daren coloring books, and T-shirts for all DARE graduates.”^[63]

"DARE America also has been very successful in marketing its program to the news media through a carefully orchestrated public relations campaign that highlights its popularity while downplaying criticism." ^[64]

Psychologists at the University of Kentucky concluded that "continued enthusiasm [for DARE] shows Americans' stubborn resistance to apply science to drug policy."^[65]

The D.A.R.E. program enables students to interact with police officers in a controlled, safe, classroom environment. This helps students and officers meet and understand each other in a friendly manner, instead of having to meet when a student commits a crime, or when officers must intervene in domestic disputes and severe family problems.^[66] The Surgeon General reports that positive effects have been demonstrated regarding attitudes towards the police.^[30]

It is also a crime and violence prevention education program. The D.A.R.E. program cites cases where assertiveness and self-defense education helped prevent students from being harmed. D.A.R.E. officers also help schools when children are threatened, and their presence helps alleviate concerns about situations like school shootings and other threats of violence to children while at school.^[66]

D.A.R.E. creates jobs and stimulates the economy. The program is used in about 80% of all school districts in the U.S., ^[1] requiring an estimated 7,838 to 9,264 full-time equivalent law enforcement jobs in addition to trainers, supervisors and managers.^[67]

The program also creates manufacturing and other jobs by selling numerous products such as flashlights, watches, beverage mugs, radios, thermos jugs, umbrellas, chairs, calculators, key chains, calculator rulers, desk caddys, pens, footballs, basketballs, lunch bags, caps, sweatshirts, polo shirts, briefcases, athletic bags, pad folios, bracelets, candles, posters, pencils, drawstring bags, jackets, ice scrapers, litter bags, golf towels, stickers, fanny packs, wind-up toys, CD cases, tote bags, sunglasses, wallets, buttons, lanyards, bumper stickers, ribbon magnets, soccer balls, play yard balls, beach balls, hacky sacks, yo-yos, frizbees, glowing balls, stuffed animals, balloons, medallions, flags, banners, pennants, logos, bookmarks, paper weights, paper clip holders, erasers, name cards, pencil pouches, sticky notes and more. D.A.R.E. Mall D.A.R.E. Catalog D.A.R.E. Gear Because of the multiplier effect, the total economic effect of the program is magnified to an unknown degree.

The D.A.R.E T-shirt is a T-shirt awarded to students in the U.S. and in other countries who complete the D.A.R.E program and pledge to stay drug-free. The D.A.R.E. program now authorizes screen-printers to license their graphics. D.A.R.E. programs can create their own personalized shirts with different colors that incorporate the D.A.R.E. logo and either a school or local police agency logo.^{[citation needed]}

The standard (and most recognized) shirt design is a black tee with the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) logo in red and accompanying text underneath in white printed on the front of the shirt. 'To Keep Kids Off Drugs' or 'To Resist Drugs and Violence' are common phrases printed on the shirt. The D.A.R.E. T-shirt was adopted from the Black concert T-shirt is associated with rock concerts. The classic black t-shirt has become a pop culture icon among youth and young adults in the U.S.^{[citation needed]}

The D.A.R.E. T-shirt has inspired parody T-shirts featuring backronyms such as "Drugs Are Really Excellent". One hemp enthusiast, Mark Hornaday, faced a 4-year prison term and a $20,000 fine from charges filed by the Los Angeles District Attorney's office in 1995. Hornaday created and sold a parody t-shirt, with the inscription, "I turned in my parents and all I got was this lousy t-shirt".^[68] NORML defended the suit on free-speech grounds. Charges were eventually dropped.^[69]

A number of D.A.R.E. programs in local police departments have some vehicles marked as police cars to promote the program. The D.A.R.E. cars appear at schools in parades. Typically these cars are high-end or performance cars that have been seized in a drug raid. They are used to send the message that drug dealers forfeit all their glamorous trappings when they get caught. D.A.R.E. cars can also be regular police vehicles that are nearing the end of their service life that are pressed into service for the promotion.^{[citation needed]}

D.A.R.E. (UK)^[70] is a national charity that operates across the UK. The program has been delivered (now discontinued) by Police Officers from the Ministry of Defence Police (MDP) to children who attend schools on Garrison estates or located near Garrison areas.

The D.A.R.E UK program is currently operating in the following areas:

• East Midlands
• South West
• London
• Wales

The program aims to:

• Provide drug education and prevention activities to help children to understand the dangers of the misuse of drugs
• Teach about the harmful effects of drugs, providing information that is appropriate to the age group to which it is delivered
• Develop the life skills to resist peer pressure and personal pressure, and to avoid the misuse of drugs
• Prevention is better than intervention
• Educate primary and secondary school children, therefore preventing many of them from misusing drugs

The U.S. Department of Education prohibits any of its funding to be used to support drug prevention programs that have not been able to demonstrate their effectiveness. ^[71] Accordingly, D.A.R.E. America has instituted a major revision of its curriculum which is currently being evaluated for possible effectiveness in reducing drug use. ^[72]

• GREAT Program
• Illegal drugs
• Legal issues of cannabis
• Police Athletic League
• Prohibition (drugs)
• Students for Sensible Drug Policy
• War on Drugs

• Drug Abuse Resistance Education home page
• 2003 U.S. Government Accountability Office letter to Senator Richard J. Durbin showing D.A.R.E. to be ineffective
• A Different Look at DARE
• D.A.R.E UK website