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Dry ice pellet sublimating in water

Dry ice block sublimating in air.

Small pellets of dry ice sublimating in air.

Carbon dioxide phase diagram

Dry ice is the genericized trademark^[1] for solid carbon dioxide. It is commonly used as a versatile cooling agent. Dry ice sublimes, changing directly to a gas at atmospheric pressure. Its sublimation and deposition point is -78.5 °C (-109.3 °F). Its enthalpy of sublimation (ΔH_sub) @ -78.5 °C (-109.3 °F) is 199.0 kJ/kg (245.5 BTU/lb). The low temperature and direct sublimation to a gas makes dry ice a very effective coolant, since it is colder than ice and leaves no moisture as it changes state.^[2]

In 1835 the French chemist Charles Thilorier published the first account of dry ice.^[3][4] Upon opening the lid of a large cylinder containing liquid carbon dioxide he noted much of the carbon dioxide rapidly evaporated leaving solid dry ice in the container. Throughout the next 60 years, dry ice was observed and tested by scientists.

Dry ice is readily manufactured: ^[5]

1. Carbon dioxide is pressurized and refrigerated until it changes into its liquid form.
2. The pressure is reduced. When this occurs some liquid carbon dioxide vaporizes, and this causes a rapid lowering of temperature of the remaining liquid carbon dioxide. The extreme cold makes the liquid solidify into a snow-like consistency.
3. The snow-like solid carbon dioxide is compressed into either small pellets or larger blocks of dry ice.

Dry ice is typically produced in two standard forms, blocks and cylindrical pellets. A standard block is most common and is approximately 30 kg. These are commonly used in shipping, because they sublime slowly due to a relatively small surface area. Pellets are around 1 cm in diameter and can be bagged easily. This form is suited to small scale use, for example at grocery stores and laboratories. Dry ice is also inexpensive; it costs about US$2 per kilogram.^{[citation needed]}

Dry ice is commonly used to package items that need to remain cold or frozen, such as ice cream, without the use of mechanical cooling. In medicine it is used to freeze warts to make removal easier^[6]. In the construction industry it is used to loosen floor tiles by shrinking and cracking them, as well as to freeze water in valveless pipes to allow repair. In laboratories, a slurry of dry ice in an organic solvent is a useful freezing mixture for cold chemical reactions.

Dry ice can also be used for making ice cream.^[7]

Dry ice is also used as a source of carbon dioxide. It can be used to carbonate water and other liquids such as beer.^{[citation needed]} It can be used as bait to trap mosquitoes and other insects^[8]

When dry ice is placed in water sublimation is accelerated, and low-sinking dense clouds of fog are created. This is used in theaters and nightclubs for dramatic effects.

One of the largest alternative uses of dry ice is blast cleaning. Dry ice pellets are shot out of a nozzle with compressed air. This can remove residues from industrial equipment. Examples of materials being removed include ink, glue, oil, paint, mold and rubber. Dry ice blasting can replace sandblasting, steam blasting, water blasting or solvent blasting.^{[citation needed]} The primary environmental effect of dry ice blasting is the sublimed CO₂. As the source of dry ice is typically pre-existing CO₂, the net CO₂ release derives only from the energy expended to compress the gas to liquid.^{[citation needed]}

Dry ice blasting involves three factors:

1. kinetic energy
2. thermal shock
3. thermal kinetic energy

The kinetic energy of the dry ice pellets is transferred when it hits the surface, directly dislodging residues as in other blasting methods. The thermal shock effect occurs when the cold dry ice hits a much warmer surface and rapid sublimation occurs. The thermal kinetic effect is the result of the rapid sublimation of the dry ice hitting the surface. These factors combined cause small "micro-explosions" of gaseous carbon dioxide where each pellet impacts, dislodging the residue.