Dye-sublimation printer

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Samsung SPP-2040 working.

A disassembled dye sublimation cartridge.

A dye-sublimation printer (or dye-sub printer) is a computer printer which employs a printing process that uses heat to transfer dye to a medium such as a plastic card, printer paper or poster paper. The process is usually to lay one color at a time using a ribbon that has color panels. Most dye-sublimation printers use CMYO colors which differs from the more recognised CMYK colors in that the black dye is eliminated in favour of a clear overcoating. This overcoating (which has numerous names depending on the manufacturer) is effectively a thin laminate which protects the print from discoloration from UV light and the air while also rendering the print water-resistant. Many consumer and professional dye-sublimation printers are designed and used for producing photographic prints.

Sublimation is when a substance transitions between the solid and gas states without going through a liquid stage; dry ice is an example. In a dye-sublimation printer the printing dye is heated up until it turns into a gas, at which point it diffuses onto the printing media and solidifies. Prior to printing, the dye is stored on a cellophane ribbon. The ribbon is made up of three colored panels (cyan, magenta, and yellow) and one clear panel which holds the lamination material for the overcoating. Each colored panel is the size of the media that is being printed on; for example, a 6" by 4" dye sub printer would have four 6" by 4" panels. During the printing cycle, the printer rollers will move the media and one of the colored panels together under a thermal printing head, which is usually the same width as the shorter dimension of the print media. Tiny heating elements on the head change temperature rapidly, laying different amounts of dye depending on the amount of heat applied. After the printer finishes covering the media in one color, it winds the ribbon on to the next color panel and partially ejects the media from the printer to prepare for the next cycle. The entire process is repeated four times in total: the first three lay the colors onto the media to form a complete image, while the last one lays the laminate over top. This layer protects the dye from resublimating when handled or exposed to warm conditions.

1 Comparison with inkjet printers
2 Applications
3 Print Speed
4 Dye-sublimation printing
5 Dye-sublimation fabric printing
6 See also
7 External links

One of the main advantages that dye-sublimation printing has over inkjet printing is its ability to print a superior color gamut. The ink used by inkjet printers cannot change color, and it is also opaque. This means that inkjet printers simulate a range of colors by varying the size and/or number of colored dots against the background of the print media. Since the inks are opaque, dots cannot be laid over each other, and so dithering must be used to create the illusion of solid colors; see also Dots per inch. Dye-sublimation printers are able to change the temperature of the thermal elements in the print heads to different levels, producing different shades of each of the colored panels. More importantly, due to the properties of the dye, the dye is transparent and colors are laid on top of each other, producing true solid color gradients. As an example, a dye-sublimation printer capable of heating its thermal elements to 256 different levels can produce 256 different shades of each color, for a total of 16.8 million different colors in its gamut. Coupled with the final laminate coating, prints from a dye-sublimation printer look similar to those developed from a photochemical lab.

There are several other advantages over inkjet printing. For one, the prints are dry and ready to handle as soon as they exit the printer. Since the thermal head doesn't have to sweep back and forth over the print media, there are fewer moving parts that can break down. As the dye never enters a liquid phase, the whole printing cycle is extremely clean; there are no liquid inks to clean up and no print heads to get clogged. These factors make dye-sublimation generally a more reliable technology over inkjet printing.

Dye-sublimation printers have some drawbacks compared to inkjet printers. Each of the colored panels of the ribbons, and the thermal head itself, must match the size of the media that is being printed on. This means that dye-sublimation printers cannot match the flexibility of inkjet printers in printing on a wide range of media.

Used dye panels retain a viewable image of the printed document, and an example of wasted dye that cannot be reused.

The amount of wasted dye per page is also very high; up to 95% of the dye in the four panels may be wasted for a typical print. Once a panel has been used, even to just print a single thin line, the remaining dye on that panel cannot be reused for another print without leaving a blank spot where the dye was used previously. Due to the single-roll design of most printers, four panels of colored dye must be used for every print, whether or not a panel is needed for the print. Printing in monochrome saves nothing, and the three unused color panels for that page cannot be recycled for a different single-color print. Dye-sublimation media packs, (which contain both ribbon and paper), are rated for an exact number of prints which yields a fixed cost per print. This is in opposition to Inkjet printers where inks are purchased by volume.

For environments that print confidential or secret documents, a dye-sublimation printer is a potential security risk that must be handled carefully. Due to the mechanism of printing, a perfect color-separated negative image of the printed page is created on the supply roll color panels, and the "waste roll" of dye panels can be unrolled to see everything that has been printed with the printer. For such environments the waste roll should be shredded or incinerated onsite rather than simply being discarded in the trash. Also for home users, the waste roll from a photo printer can be similarly recovered from the garbage and used to see everything that has been printed. Since the supply roll is plastic, the lifespan of a used roll can be years or decades long, permitting image recovery long after disposal.

Also, dye-sublimation papers and ribbons are sensitive to skin oils, which interfere with the dye's ability to sublimate from the ribbon to the paper. They must also be free of dust particles, which can lead to small colored blobs appearing on the prints. Most dye-sublimation printers have filters to reduce the likelihood of this happening, and a speck of dust can only affect one print as it becomes attached to the print during the printing process. Finally, dye-sublimation printers fall short when producing neutral and toned black and white prints with higher density levels and virtually no metamerism or bronzing.^{[citation needed]}

Previously, the use of dye-sub printing was limited to industrial or high-end commercial printing.

Dye-sub photo printing has been used in medical imaging, graphic arts proofing, security, and broadcast related applications.

Alps Electric produced the first quality dye-sub printers for home consumers in the $500-$1,000 price range, bringing dye-sublimation technology within the reach of a wider audience. Now there are many dye-sublimation printers on the market starting from as low as $100 marketed by corporations such as Canon, Sony, Sagem, HiTouch Imaging, Mitsubishi Electric and Kodak (among others), especially postcard-sized mobile photo printers.

The ability to produce instant photo prints inexpensively from a small printer has led to dye sublimation solutions supplanting traditional instant photos in some applications, such as ID photography.

Several corporations, including Fuji, ICI, Kodak, Mitsubishi, and Sony, market desktop size units as stand-alone printers and for print kiosk and photo booth applications. Some of these units are based on generic printers produced by manufacturers such as Shinko. ICI ImageData, Copal, Shinko and Fuji, amongst others, offer software development kits with their printers, suggesting that these companies hope to attract system integrators as a potential market. Some units from manufacturers such as Hi-Touch and Sony incorporate kiosk features such as display screens and card slots directly into the unit.

Desktop size stand-alone dye-sub photo printers are also being applied by social photographers in event photography. The units' instant print ability allows photographers to produce and sell lab quality prints immediately during the event they are attending, with a minimal amount of hardware.

As dye-sublimation printers utilise heat to transfer the dye onto the print media, the printing speed is limited by the speed at which the elements on the thermal head can change temperature. Heating the elements is easy, as a strong electric current can raise the temperature of an element very quickly. However, cooling the elements down, when changing from a darker to a lighter color, is harder and usually involves having a fan/heatsink assembly attached to the print head. The use of multiple heads can also speed up this process, since one head can cool down while the another is printing. Although print times vary among different dye-sublimation printers, a typical cheap home-use dye-sub printer can print a 6" x 4" photo in 45 - 90 seconds. More heavy-duty printers can print much faster; for example, a Citizen CW-01 dye-sublimation printer can print a 9" x 6" photo in as little as 18 seconds. In all cases, the finished print is completely dry once it emerges from the printer.

Dye sublimation is a printing process that uses the process of sublimation to print full-color images onto a variety of substrates, including paper and canvas print. A small heater is used to vaporize the solid dye material, which then solidifies upon the paper. As this type of printer allows extremely fine control of the primary color ratios it is possible to obtain a good quality picture even with relatively low printer resolution, as compared to other printer types of similar resolution.

Tektronix' "Phaser" computer printers were one of the first examples of the use of the dye sublimation process in a mass-produced printer.

Dye-sublimation can also be used as an indirect printing process. Standard black and white laser printers are capable of printing on plain paper using a special "transfer toner" containing sublimation dyes which can then be permanently heat transferred to T-shirts, hats, mugs, metals, puzzles and other surfaces.

A different type of dye-sublimation printing process is used to print on polyester fabrics. It is used for many applications such as trade show banners or table covers, t-shirts, bike uniforms, competitive swimwear, soccer jerseys and flags. The original printers were an electrostatic technology using toners but now are generally inkjet printers using specially formulated inks. The dye submlimation inks are a pigment suspended in a liquid solvent, like water. The images are initially printed on coated transfer paper. The image on the paper is a reverse image of the final design, so it can be transferred onto polyester fabric under pressure and heat (180 to 210 degrees Celsius, or about 375 degrees Fahrenheit). Under high temperature and pressure, the dye turns into a gas and permeates the fabric and then solidifies into its fibers. The fabric is permanently dyed so it can be washed without damaging the quality of the image.