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Dzongkha language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Dzongkha རྫོང་ཁ་ |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Bhutan | |||
| Total speakers: | 600,000 | |||
| Language family: | Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Himalayish Tibeto-Kanauri Tibetic Tibetan Southern Dzongkha |
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| Official status | ||||
| Official language in: | Bhutan | |||
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1: | dz | |||
| ISO 639-2: | dzo | |||
| ISO 639-3: | dzo | |||
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Dzongkha (Wylie: rjong-kha) (Jong-kă) is the national language of the Kingdom of Bhutan. The word "dzongkha" means the language (kha, jong) spoken in the dzong (jong), dzong being the fortress-like monasteries established throughout Bhutan by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel in the 17th century.
Dzongkha bears a linguistic relationship to modern Tibetan akin to the relationship which Cantonese has towards Mandarin. Although the spoken varieties are largely mutually unintelligible, they share, to a large extent, a common literary language, as well as a preserved Classical language which is used for religious functions. In Bhutan this preserved sacred language is referred to as Chöke (ཆོས་སྐད་).
Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan (viz. Phodrang, Punakha, Thimphu, Gasa, Paro, Ha, Dhakana, and Chukha). There are also some speakers found near the Indian town of Kalimpong, once part of Bhutan but now in West Bengal. Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools in Bhutan, and the language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue.
Linguistically, Dzongkha is a South Bodish language belonging to the proposed Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan group. It is closely related to Sikkimese (Wylie: 'Bras-ljongs-skad), the national language of the erstwhile kingdom of Sikkim; and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Cho-cha-na-ca (khyod ca nga ca kha), Brokpa (me rag sag steng 'brog skad), Brokkat (dur gyi 'brog skad), and Laka (la ka). Modern Tibetan is a Central Bodish language and thus belongs to a different sub-branch.
Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the Tibetan script known as Joyi (mgyogs yig) and Joshum (mgyogs tshugs ma). Dzongkha books are typically printed using the Ucan fonts developed to print the Tibetan syllabary.
Dzongkha is rarely heard outside Bhutan and environs. However, the 2003 Bhutanese film, Travellers and Magicians is entirely in Dzongkha.
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In October 2005, an internal Microsoft proposal blocked the term "Dzongkha" from all company software and promotional material, substituting the term "Tibetan - Bhutan" instead. This was done at the request of the mainland Chinese government, who insisted the name "Dzongkha" implied an affiliation with the Dalai Lama, and hence, with Tibetan independentism [1], [2]. The Bhutanese, who have never been under the rule of the Dalai Lamas, even if they revere the 14th Dalai Lama,[3] were dismayed by the decision.[4] Linguists have pointed out that the word "Dzongkha" has no particular association with the Dalai Lama.[1]
- ^ a b Microsoft Outlaws Dzongkha
- ^ Microsoft Sensitive to Chinese Pressure on Bhutan Tibet Link
- ^ 30,000 Bhutanese on pilgrimage in India
- ^ Old story, new lessons
- van Driem, George L, with the collaboration of Karma Tshering of Gaselô (1998). Dzongkha. Leiden: Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies. ISBN 90-5789-002-X. (CNWS publications Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region, 1566-1970 ; vol. 1) - A language textbook with three audio compact disks.
- Dzongkha Development Commission (1999). The New Dzongkha Grammar (rdzong kha'i brda gzhung gsar pa). Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Commission.
- Dzongkha Development Commission (1990). Dzongkha Rabsel Lamzang (rdzong kha rab gsal lam bzang). Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Commission.
- Dzongkha Development Authority (2005). English-Dzongkha Dictionary (ཨིང་ལིཤ་རྫོང་ཁ་ཤན་སྦྱར་ཚིག་མཛོད།). Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Authority, Ministry of Education. ISBN 99966335.
- Wikiquote:Bhutanese proverbs for a list of proverbs given in both romanized Dzongkha and English.
- Dzongkha Development Authority Thimphu, Bhutan
- Languages on the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas - Nicolas Tournadre
- Ethnologue entry on Dzongkha
- Podcast to learn conversational Dzongkha - Shankar