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Sir Edward Appleton
Edward Victor Appleton in army uniform, taken in World War I.
Born	September 6, 1892 Bradford, West Yorkshire
Died	April 21, 1965 Edinburgh, Scotland
Residence	UK
Nationality	British
Field	Physicist
Institutions	Cambridge University King's College London Edinburgh University
Alma mater	Cambridge University
Academic advisor	Joseph John Thompson Ernest Rutherford
Known for	Ionospheric Physics Appleton layer
Notable prizes	Nobel Prize in Physics 1947

Sir Edward Victor Appleton, GBE (September 6, 1892 – April 21, 1965) was an English physicist.

Appleton was born in Bradford, West Yorkshire and educated at Hanson Grammar School. At the age of 18 he won a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge. He graduated with a first class degree in Natural Sciences.

During the First World War he joined the West Riding Regiment, and later transferred to the Royal Engineers.

After returning from active service in World War I, Appleton became assistant demonstrator in experimental physics at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1920. He was professor of physics at King's College London (1924–36) and professor of natural philosophy at Cambridge University (1936–39). From 1939 to 1949 he was secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Knighted in 1941, he received the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the knowledge of the ionosphere, which led to the development of radar.

In 1902 Oliver Heaviside and A E Kennelly independently proposed the idea of there being a conducting layer that reflected radio signals. Marconi had been able to make his historic transatlantic transmissions; to achieve this the signals had to be "bent" (refracted) if they were to reach their destination.

In his work, Appleton had observed that the strength of the radio signal from a transmitter on a frequency such as the medium wave band and over a path of a hundred miles or so was constant during the day but that it varied during the night. This led to him to believe that it was possible that two radio signals were being received. One was traveling along the ground, and another was reflected by a layer in the upper atmosphere. The fading or variation in strength of the overall radio signal received resulted from the interference pattern of the two signals.

To prove his theory, in 1924 Appleton used the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) radio broadcast transmitter at Bournemouth, England. This transmitted a signal towards the upper reaches of the atmosphere. He received the radio signals near Cambridge, proving they were being reflected. By making a periodic change to the frequency of the broadcast radio signal he was able to measure the time taken for the signals to travel to the layers in the upper atmosphere and back. In this way he was able to calculate that the height of the reflecting layer was 60 miles above the ground.

From 1949 until his death in 1965, he was Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh. ^[1]

In 1974 the Radio and Space Research Station was renamed the Appleton Laboratory in honour of the man who had done so much to establish the UK as a leading force in ionospheric research, and had been involved with the station first as a researcher and then as secretary of its parent body, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

His name is perpetuated today in

• the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
• the Appleton Tower at the University of Edinburgh
• the Appleton Science Building at Bradford College
• The Appleton crater on the Moon was named in his honour.
• The Appleton Layer, which is the higher atmospheric ionized layer above the E-layer
• The annual Appleton Lecture at the Institute of Engineering Technology, IET.

• Kennelly-Heaviside layer

1. ^ Lister, Derek A J (2004). Bradford's Own. Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-3826-9. 

• Süsskind, Charles (1970). "Appleton, Edward Victor". Dictionary of Scientific Biography 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 195-196. ISBN 0684101149. 

• "Sir Edward Victor Appleton". nobelprize.org. Accessed October 21, 2007. (Citation: Nobel Prize in Physics: 1947, "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer." [Hyperlinked account. Provides link to BBC Historic Figures biography.]
• "Sir Edward Victor Appleton: Nobel Prize in Physics 1947" – Biography from Nobel Lectures, Physics 1942-1962 (Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1964). [Hyperlinked in previous entry.]
• "Sir Edward Victor Appleton (1892 - 1965): Appleton was an English physicist and Nobel prize winner who discovered the ionosphere." Historic Figures, bbc.co.uk. Accessed October 21, 2007. (Photograph of Appleton c. 1935 ©). [Provides link to Nobel Foundation account, listed above.]