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Indonesia

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Indonesia

Pancasila Constitution President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Vice-president Jusuf Kalla Cabinet People's Consultative Assembly Regional Representatives Council People's Representative Council Political parties Elections Parliament, 2004 President, 2004 Provinces Regional government Foreign relations Foreign aid

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At a national level, Indonesian people elect a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term, as is the 550-member People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR).

The Council is elected by proportional representation from multi-candidate constituencies. As Indonesia has a multi-party system, no one party is usually able to secure an outright victory, meaning that parties need to work together in coalition governments.

The voting age in Indonesia is 17.

Contents 1 Latest elections 2 Past elections 2.1 1955 2.2 1971 2.3 Fusion of political parties 2.4 Elections under the New Order (1977-1997) 2.5 1999 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

Main article: Indonesian presidential election, 2004

[discuss] – [edit]
Summary of the 5 July and 24 September 2004 Indonesian presidential election results

Candidates	Parties	First round		Second round
		Votes	%	Votes	%
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono	Democratic Party	36,051,236	33.58	67,196,112	60.9
Megawati Sukarnoputri	Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle	28,171,063	26.24	43,198,851	39.1
Wiranto	Golkar	23,811,028	22.18
Amien Rais	National Mandate Party	16,035,565	14.94
Hamzah Haz	United Development Party	3,275,011	3.06
Total		106,228,247	100.0	110,394,163	100.0
Source: KPU

Main article: Indonesian legislative election, 2004

[discuss] – [edit]
Summary of the 5 April 2004 Indonesian People's Representative Council election results

Parties	Votes	%	Seats
Golkar (Partai Golongan Karya)	24,480,757	21.6	128
Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan)	21,025,991	18.5	109
National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa)	11,994,877	10.6	52
United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan)	9,248,265	8.1	58
Democratic Party (Partai Demokrat)	8,455,213	7.5	57
Prosperous Justice Party (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera)	8,324,909	7.3	45
National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat Nasional)	7,302,787	6.4	52
Crescent Star Party (Partai Bulan Bintang)	2,970,320	2.6	11
Reform Star Party (Partai Bintang Reformasi)	2,763,853	2.4	13
Prosperous Peace Party (Partai Damai Sejahtera)	2,425,201	2.1	12
Concern for the Nation Functional Party (Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa)	2,398,117	2.1	2
Justice and Unity Party (Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan din Indonesia)	1,423,427	1.2	1
United Democratic Nationhood Party (Partai Persatuan Demokrasi Kebangsaan)	1,313,654	1.2	5
Freedom Bull National Party (Partai Nasional Banteng Kemerdekaan)	1,230,455	1.1	1
Pancasila Patriots' Party (Partai Patriot Pancasila)	1,073,064	0.9	-
Indonesian National Party Marheanism (Partai Nasional Indonesia Marhaenisme)	922,451	0.8	1
Vanguard Party (Partai Pelopor)	897,115	0.8	2
Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party (Partai Persatuan Nahdlatul Ummah Indonesia)	895,566	0.8	-
Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party (Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia)	855,218	0.7	1
Freedom Party (Partai Merdeka)	841,821	0.7	-
Indonesian Unity Party (Partai Sarikat Indonesia)	679,296	0.6	-
New Indonesia Alliance Party (Partai Perhimpunan Indonesia Baru)	672,952	0.6	-
Regional United Party (Partai Persatuan Daerah)	657,907	0.6	-
Social Democrat Labour Party (Partai Buruh Sosial Demokrat)	635,182	0.6	-
Total counted	113,488,398	-	550

Indonesia's first general election elected members of the DPR and the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia (Konstituante). The election was organised by the government of Prime Minister Ali Sastroamidjojo. Sastroamidjojo himself declined to stand for election, and Burhanuddin Harahap became Prime Minister.

The election occurred in two stages:

• The election of the members of the People's Representative Council, which took place on 29 September 1955. Twenty-nine political parties and individuals took part;
• The election for the members of the Constitutional Assembly, which took place on 15 December 1955.

The five largest parties in the election were the National Party of Indonesia (Partai Nasional Indonesia), Masyumi, Nahdlatul Ulama, the Communist Party of Indonesia (Partai Komunis Indonsia, PKI), and the Indonesian Islam Alliance Party (Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia).

This election, the first after the establishment of the "New Order", took place on 5 July 1971. Ten political parties participated.

The five largest political parties were Golkar, Nahdlatul Ulama, Parmusi, the National Party of Indonesia and the Indonesian Islam Alliance Party.

In 1975, legislation was passed that required all political parties except Golkar to merge into one of two alternative parties, the United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, PPP) or the Democratic Party of Indonesia (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia, PDI).

Elections following the mergers were held under the government of President Suharto. In accordance with the legislation, these were contested by three groups; Golkar, the PPP and the PDI. All elections in this period were won by Golkar.

To ensure that Golkar always won more than 60 percent of the popular vote, the New Order regime used a number of tactics. These included:

Reducing the number of opponents 

In 1973, the existing political parties were forced to merge into the United Development Party (PPP) and the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI). These were the only parties allowed to contest general elections. (Liddle 1978)

Weakening the remaining opponents 

The two political parties were forbidden to criticize government policy (REF), and the government had to approve all slogans they used. Furthermore, they were not allowed to organize at the village level (where the majority of Indonesians live). To stop the rise of charismatic figures, their candidates had to be vetted by the government. When a potentially charismatic figure (in the form of founding president Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri) became leader of the PDI, the government engineered a political convention in Medan in 1996 to remove her. Ironically, the ensuing disturbances at the PDI's Jakarta headquarters began a chain of events that indirectly led to the downfall of the New Order. (Liddle 1978; Loveard 1999; Evans 2003)

Coercion to vote Golkar 

This took the form of a carrot and stick approach. Village heads were ordered to ensure their villages voted Golkar if they wanted to keep their jobs. University students, who were strongly encouraged to join Golkar, were led to believe they would not graduate if they failed to vote Golkar. Civil servants faced similar pressures, and the fact that elections were held on work days and that many people had to vote at their places of work ensured that the vast majority of Indonesia's civil servants meekly voted Golkar. There was a widespread belief that the authorities were able to find out how people had voted. Personal communication ^[1]

The vote-counting process 

The Golkar votes were counted first, then those of the two other parties. In the 1997 election, by 9pm on the day after voting, Golkar had already been awarded 94% of its eventual vote. By contrast, the PPP had been credited with less than 10% of its final tally. Given that the PPP was strongest in the cities, where the results could be expected to be in first, this is suspicious. (TVRI 1997)

Vote-rigging 

Although the counting at the local ballot boxes was conducted in public, with the ballot papers held up and the scores marked on boards, it was at the later stages where irregularities were frequently reported. There are anecdotal accounts of opposition votes disappearing, and of officials deliberately spoiling ballot papers bearing a vote for the opposition. Personal communication ^[1]

Election results 1977-1997

Year	PPP		Golkar		PDI
	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
1977	18,743,491	29.29	39,750,096	62.11	5,504,757	8.60
1982	20,871,880	27.78	48,334,724	64.34	5,919,702	7.88
1987	13,701,428	15.97	62,783,680	73.17	9,324,708	10.87
1992	16,624,647	17.00	66,599,331	68.10	14,565,556	3.07
1997	25,340,028	22.43	84,187,907	74.51	34,632,25	3.07

Source: KPU (2006)

The 1999 election was the first election held after the collapse of the New Order. It was held on 7 June 1999 under the government of Jusuf Habibie. Forty-eight political parties participated.

The five largest parties were the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan), a reformed Golkar, the United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan), the National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa), and the National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat Nasional).

Under the constitution, the new President was elected by members of both houses of Parliament in a joint sitting. This meant that although the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle won the largest share of the popular vote, the new President was not its nominee, Megawati Sukarnoputri, but Abdurrahman Wahid from the National Awakening Party. Megawati became Vice-President.

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2004

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