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A rough map of Sicilian Italic tribe locations.

The Elymians (Greek Elymoi, Latin Elymi) were an ancient people who inhabited the western part of Sicily during the Bronze Age and Classical antiquity.

The precise origins of the Elymians are unknown, though it has been suggested (based on recent archeological finds) that they may have been Anatolians who migrated to Sicily. The Greeks identified them as descendants of the Trojans; Thucydides claimed that their ancestors had been refugees from Troy. When the city was destroyed by the Achaeans at the end of the Trojan War, a group of Trojans were said to have escaped and, after a long journey across the Mediterranean Sea, landed in Sicily. They intermarried with the native Sicani to establish a new people, the Elymians. Virgil describes them as having been led to Sicily by the hero Acestes.

Mythology apart, little that is definite is known about the identity and culture of the Elymians. They are indistinguishable from their Sicani neighbours in the archaeological record of the early Iron Age (c. 1000–c. 500 BC). Thereafter they appear to have adopted many aspects of the culture of the Greek colonists of Sicily, erecting the remarkable temple at Segesta and using the Greek alphabet to write their own language. As yet, nobody has succeeded in deciphering the Elymian language, though it has been speculated that it may have been a native non-Indo-European tongue.

The Elymian temple at Segesta, Sicily

The Elymians maintained friendly relations (and alliances) with Carthage but came into frequent conflict with the expansionist Greek colonies of western Sicily, especially Selinus. Boundary disputes with Selinus broke out into open warfare on several occasions after 580 BC. They sought to ally first with Athens against Selinus, provoking the disastrous Sicilian expedition of 415 BC-413 BC. Following this failure they encouraged the Carthaginians to attack Selinus in 409 BC and succeeded in obtaining the destruction of their rivals.

However, they turned on Carthage during the First Punic War and allied with Rome instead. The Elymians were granted a privileged status under Roman rule and were exempted from taxes. This was said to have been in recognition of the Elymians' claim of Trojan ancestry, which was seen as making them cousins of the Roman people, who also claimed to have been descended from the Trojans. The Elymians appear to have largely disappeared from view under Roman rule, presumably becoming assimilated into the general Sicilian population.

Map of approximate area of Elymian settlement, showing major cities

The Elymi shared western Sicily with the Sicani, the Phoenicians and later the Greeks. Their three most important cities were Segesta, the political centre; Eryx (the modern Erice), a religious centre; and Entella. Other cities were Elima, Halyciae (referred to as Alicia in modern Italian sources), Iatae, Hypana and Drepanon.