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In mathematics, an empty product, or nullary product, is the result of multiplying no numbers. Its numerical value is 1, the multiplicative identity, just as the empty sum—the sum of no numbers—is zero, or the additive identity.^[1][2][3]

The empty product is used in discrete mathematics, algebra, the study of power series, and computer programs.

The term "empty product" is most often used in the above sense when discussing arithmetic operations. However, the term is sometimes employed when discussing the value of 0⁰, set-theoretic intersections, categorical products, and products in computer programming; these are discussed below.

Contents 1 Nullary arithmetic product 1.1 Frequent examples 1.2 A motivation 2 0 raised to the 0th power 3 Nullary intersection 4 Nullary Cartesian product 4.1 Nullary Cartesian product of functions 5 Nullary categorical product 6 In computer programming 7 References 8 See also 9 External links

Two often-seen instances are a⁰ = 1 (any number raised to the zeroth power is one) and 0! = 1 (the factorial of zero is one).

The idea that the empty product is 1 can be motivated by considering cancellation from the numerator and the denominator of a fraction. When one cancels the factor 2 from

,

one may say that 2 divided by 2 is 1, so that we have

,

but the result is equivalent to what one gets by simply deleting the "2" from the list of factors:

.

If all factors of the numerator or the denominator cancel (as would 2 and 3 in the following example), the remaining value is 1:

.

This deletion of all factors is equivalent to dividing by all factors. The numerator becomes here a "product of no numbers", i.e. equal to 1. (Also see 1.)

Some examples of the use of the empty product in mathematics may be found at the following pages: binomial theorem, factorial, fundamental theorem of arithmetic, birthday paradox, Stirling number, König's theorem, binomial type, difference operator, Pochhammer symbol, proof that e is irrational, prime factor, binomial series, multiset.

For more information, see the section on Zero to the zero power in the article on exponentiation.

From the set-theoretic and combinatorial point of view, the number n^m is the size of the set of functions from a set of size m into a set of size n. If n is zero, then in general there are no such functions, because there are no elements in the latter set to map those of the former set into; however if both sets are empty (size 0), then there is exactly one such mapping: the empty function. (This justifies the convention that 0^m = 0 except when m is zero.) The situation where m and n have no elements can be interpreted as taking a product of 0 copies of the 0 element set; the fact that this empty product equals 1 can be used to support the convention that 0⁰ = 1. The value of 0⁰ is discussed in more detail in the article on exponentiation.

For similar reasons, the intersection of an empty set of subsets of a set X is conventionally equal to X. See nullary intersection for more information.

Consider the general definition of the Cartesian product:

If I is empty, the only satisfying f is the empty function:

Under the perhaps more familiar n-tuple interpretation,

that is, the singleton set containing the empty tuple. Note that in both representations the empty product has cardinality 1.

The empty Cartesian product of functions is again the empty function.

In any category, the product of an empty family is a terminal object of that category. In the category of sets, for example, this is a singleton set, while in the category of groups, this is a trivial group with one element.

Dually, the coproduct of an empty family is an initial object. Nullary categorical products or coproducts may not exist in a given category; e.g. in the category of fields, neither exists.

Most programming languages do not permit the direct expression of the empty product, because multiplication is taken to be an infix operator and therefore a binary operator. (A programmer may, of course, implement it.) Languages implementing variadic functions are the exception. For example, the fully parenthesized prefix notation of Lisp languages gives rise to a natural notation for nullary functions:

(* 2 2 2)   ; evaluates to 8
(* 2 2)     ; evaluates to 4
(* 2)       ; evaluates to 2
(*)         ; evaluates to 1

Many programming languages with infix multiplication also offer a generalized multiplication function, often called product, which can be applied to a list of numbers. Such functions return 1 when applied to an empty list.

1. ^ Jaroslav Nešetřil, Jiří Matoušek (1998). Invitation to Discrete Mathematics. Oxford University Press, 12. ISBN 0-198-50207-9. 
2. ^ A.E. Ingham and R C Vaughan (1990). The Distribution of Prime Numbers. Cambridge University Press, 1. ISBN 0-521-39789-8. 
3. ^ Serge Lang (2002). Algebra. Springer-Verlag, 9. ISBN 0-387-95385-X. 

• Iterated binary operation

• PlanetMath article on the empty product

This article incorporates material from Empty product on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the GFDL.