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Endymion (mythology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In Greek mythology, Endymion (Ἐνδυμίων) was a handsome Aeolian shepherd or hunter, or, in the version Pausanias knew,[1] a king, who ruled at Olympia in Elis, but was also venerated on Mount Latmos in Caria, on the west coast of Asia Minor.[2] Endymion was the son, perhaps with Aethlius or with Zeus himself, of the nymph Calyce. He was born in Thessaly but led a band of Aeolians and founded Elis.[3] Apollonius of Rhodes (Argonautica 4.57ff) is one of the many poets (compare Plato, Phaedo, sect. 72) who tell how Selene, the Titan goddess of the moon,[4] loved the mortal, who was so beautiful that she asked Endymion's father Zeus to grant him eternal youth so he would never leave her. Alternatively, Selene loved so much how Endymion looked when he was asleep in the cave on Mount Latmos, near Miletus, in Caria,[5] that she entreated Zeus that he might remain that way. Either way, Zeus blessed him by putting him into an eternal sleep. Every night, Selene visited him where he slept. Selene and Endymion had fifty daughters called the Menae.
The love of Selene for Endymion was so familiar that the briefest reference would bring it to mind for the Greek listener or reader; no explicit narrative has come down to us, even in a fragment. In Argonautica (iv.57ff) the "daughter of Titan", the Moon, was witness to Medea's fearful night-time flight to Jason, and "rejoiced with malicious pleasure as she reflected to herself: 'I'm not the only one then to skulk off to the Latmian cave, nor is it only I that burn with desire for fair Endymion'" she muses. "But now you yourself it would seem, are a victim of a madness like mine."[6]
The mytheme of Endymion being not dead but endlessly asleep, which was proverbial[7] ensured that scenes of Endymion and Selene were popular subjects for sculpted sarcophagi in Late Antiquity, when after-death existence began to be a heightened concern. The Louvre example, found at Saint-Médard d'Eyrans, France, (illustration, left) is one of this class.
According to a passage in Deipnosophistae, the sophist and dithyrambic poet Licymnius of Chios[8] tells a different tale, in which Hypnos, the god of sleep, is the one who is in love with the boy's beauty, and grants him open-eyed sleep, the better to enjoy the sight of his face.
Endymion also had a son named Aetolus, the King of Elis. Later, he ruled Aetolia, which was named after him. Endymion had another son, Epeius, who won his father's kingdom by beating his brothers in a race.[9]
Pliny the Elder[10] mentions Endymion as the first human to observe the movements of the moon, which (according to Pliny) accounts for Endymion's love.
Some believe that he was the personification of sleep, or the sunset (most likely the last one as his name means "to dive in" [Greek en in, and duein dive), which would imply a representation of that sort. Latin writers explained the name from somnum ei inductum, the "sleep put upon him" (Graves, 1960, 64.b.note 2).
The myth of Endymion was never easily transferred to ever-chaste Artemis, the Olympian associated with the Moon. In the Renaissance, the revived moon goddess was Diana, and the Endymion myth was attached to her.
- ^ Pausanias, v.8.1.
- ^ Pausanias, in describing the legendary genealogy of ancient hosts of the Olympian Games reports that "Endymion, the son of Aethlius, deposed Clymenus, and set his sons a race in Olympia with the kingdom as the prize" (v.1.4); then he adds "As to the death of Endymion, the people of Herakleia near Miletos do not agree with the Eleans; for while the Eleans show a tomb of Endymion, the folk of Herakleia say that he retired to Mount Latmos and give him honour, there being a shrine of Endymion on Latmos." (v.1.5).
- ^ "Calyce and Aethlius had a son Endymion who led Aeolians from Thessaly and founded Elis. But some say that he was a son of Zeus. As he was of surpassing beauty, the Moon fell in love with him, and Zeus allowed him to choose what he would, and he chose to sleep for ever, remaining deathless and ageless." (Bibliotheke 1.7.5.
- ^ Her Roman equivalent is Luna.
- ^ Sappho localises the myth at Mount Latmos.
- ^ Richard Hunter, Apollonius of Rhodes: Jason and the Golden Fleece (Oxford University Press) 1993:100.
- ^ Sir James George Frazer, ed., Apollodorus, Library and Epitome [1].
- ^ Licymnius is known only through a few quoted lines and second-hand through references (William Smith, ed. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 1870)
- ^ "Endymion had by a Naiad nymph or, as some say, by Iphianassa, a son Aetolus, who slew Apis, son of Phoroneus, and fled to the Curetian country. There he killed his hosts, Dorus and Laodocus and Polypoetes, the sons of Phthia and Apollo, and called the country Aetolia after himself." (Bibliotheke, 1.7.6).
- ^ See Pliny's Naturalis Historia Book II.IV.43.
- Diana and Endymion at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
- Robert Graves, The Greek Myths (1955) 1960, 64.a-c.
- Karl Kerenyi, The Gods of the Greeks (1951) pp 196-98.
- Endymion by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson at the Louvre
- Hyginus, Fabulae 271