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Ernst Emil Herzfeld (July 23, 1879–January 21, 1948) was an German archaeologist and Iranologist.

Herzfeld was born in Celle, Germany. He studied architecture in Munich and Berlin, while also taking classes in Assyriology, ancient history and art history.

1903-05 he was assistant to Walter Andrae in the acclaimed excavations of Assur, and later traveled widely in Iraq and Iran at the beginning of the twentieth century. He surveyed and documented many historical sites in Turkey, Syria, Persia (later Iran) and most importantly in Iraq (e.g. Baghdad, Ctesiphon). At Samarra he carried out the first excavations of an Islamic period site in 1911-13. After military service during World War I he was appointed full professor for "Landes- und Altertumskunde des Orients" in Berlin in 1920. This was the first professorship for Near/Middle Eastern archaeology in the world. 1923-25 he started explorations in Persia and described many of the countries´ most important ruins for the first time. In 1925 he moved to Tehran and stayed there most of the time until 1934. He was instrumental in creating a Persian law of antiquities and excavated in the Achaimenid capitals Pasargadae and Persepolis.

He left Iran at the end of 1934 for a year in London, but never returned. In 1935 he was forced to leave his position in Germany and became a faculty member of the Institute for Advanced Study from 1936 to 1944. He died in Basel, Switzerland in 1948.

• Iranische Felsreliefs, 1910
• Archäologische Reise im Euphrat- und Tigris-Gebiet, 4 Vols., 1911-1920 (together with Friedrich Sarre
• Paikuli, 2 Vols., 1924
• Die Ausgrabungen von Samarra, 5 Vols., 1923-1930
• Archaeological history of Iran, 1934
• Altpersische Inschriften, 1938
• Iran in the ancient East, 1940
• Zoroaster and his world, 2 Vols., 1947

• Iranica: Herzfeld

Gunter, Ann C. / Stefan R. Hauser (eds.), Ernst Herzfeld and the Development of Near Eastern Studies, 1900-1950. Leiden: Brill 2005.

• Iranology

• Pierre Briant: Milestones in the Development of Achaemenid Historiography in the Times of Ernst Herzfeld (1879-1948), at http://www.achemenet.com.