European Free Trade Association

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European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

Location of European Free Trade Association (orange)

on the European continent (white)

Secretariat Geneva, Switzerland

Type Trade bloc

Member states Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland

Establishment 3 May 1960

- EFTA Convention 4 January 1960

Area

- Total 529,600 km²
204,518 sq mi

Population

- estimate 12,233,467

- Density 100.6/km²
59.82/sq mi

GDP (PPP) estimate

- Total U$ 471,547

- Per capita U$ 38,546

Currency Icelandic króna, Norwegian krone, Swiss franc (ISK, NOK, CHF)

Time zone WET / CET (UTC+0 / +1)

- Summer (DST) WEST / CEST (UTC+1 / +2)

The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established on May 3, 1960 as an alternative for European states that were not allowed, or did not wish, to join the European Economic Community (now the European Community).

The EFTA Convention was signed on January 4, 1960 in Stockholm by seven states. Today only Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein remain members of EFTA (of which only Norway and Switzerland are founding members). The Stockholm Convention was subsequently replaced by the Vaduz Convention.

This Convention provides for the liberalisation of trade among the member states. Three of the EFTA countries are part of the European Union Internal Market through the Agreement on a European Economic Area (EEA), which took effect in 1994; the fourth, Switzerland, opted to conclude bilateral agreements with the EU. In addition, the EFTA states have jointly concluded free trade agreements with a number of other countries.

1 Membership history
2 General Secretaries
3 Institutions
- 3.1 EEA-related institutions
- 3.2 Locations
4 Portugal Fund
5 International conventions
6 Relationship to the European Economic Area
7 International Relationships
8 Future of EFTA
9 United Kingdom
10 See also
11 External links

EFTA member states Former member states, now EU member states

Its original members were the United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland and Portugal. During the 1960s these countries were often referred to at the Outer Seven, as opposed to the Inner Six of the then-styled European Economic Community.[1]

Finland became an associate member in 1961 (becoming a full member in 1986), and Iceland joined in 1970. The United Kingdom and Denmark joined the European Community in 1973 (together with Ireland), and hence ceased to be EFTA members. Portugal also left EFTA for the European Community in 1986. Liechtenstein joined in 1991 (previously its interests in EFTA had been represented by Switzerland). Finally, Austria, Sweden and Finland joined the European Union in 1995 and hence ceased to be EFTA members.

General Secretaries of EFTA:

1960-1965: Frank E. Figgures
1965-1972: Sir John Coulson
1972-1975: Bengt Rabaeus
1976-1981: Charles Müller
1981-1988: Per Kleppe
1988-1994: Georg Reisch
1994-2000: Kjartan Jóhannsson
2000-present: William Rossier

EFTA is governed by the EFTA Council and serviced by the EFTA Secretariat. In addition, in connection with the EEA Agreement of 1992, two other EFTA organisations were established, the EFTA Surveillance Authority and the EFTA Court.

The EFTA Surveillance Authority and the EFTA Court regulate the activities of the EFTA members in respect of their obligations in the European Economic Area (EEA). Since Switzerland is not an EEA member, it does not participate in these institutions.

The EFTA Surveillance Authority performs the European Commission's role as "guardian of the treaties" for the EFTA countries, while the EFTA Court performs the European Court of Justice's role for those countries.

The original plan for the EEA lacked the EFTA Court or the EFTA Surveillance Authority, and instead had the European Court of Justice and the European Commission were to exercise those roles. However, during the negotiations for the EEA agreement, the European Court of Justice informed the Council of the European Union by way of letter that they considered that giving the EU institutions powers with respect to non-EU member states would be a violation of the treaties, and therefore the current arrangement was developed instead.

The EFTA Secretariat is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The EFTA Surveillance Authority has its headquarters in Brussels, Belgium (the same location as the headquarters of the European Commission), while the EFTA Court has its headquarters in Luxembourg (the same location as the headquarters of the European Court of Justice).

The Portugal Fund was established in 1975 when Portugal was still a member of EFTA, to provide funding for the development and reconstruction of Portugal after the end of the dictatorship. When Portugal left EFTA in 1985, the remaining EFTA members decided to nonetheless continue the Portugal Fund, so Portugal would continue to benefit from it. The Fund originally took the form of a low-interest loan from the EFTA member states to Portugal, to the value of 100 million US dollars. Repayment was originally to commence in 1988, but EFTA then decided to postpone the start of repayments until 1998. The Portugal Fund has now been dissolved by the Member States.

EFTA also originated the Hallmarking Convention and the Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention, both of which are open to non-EFTA states.

The EFTA members, except for Switzerland, are also members of the European Economic Area (EEA).

EFTA has several free trade agreements with non-EU countries as well as declarations on cooperation and joint workgroups to improve trade.

Free Trade Agreement

Chile
Croatia
Egypt
Israel
Jordan
South Korea
Lebanon
Republic of Macedonia
Mexico
Morocco
Palestinian National Authority
Singapore
Southern African Customs Union (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa)
Tunisia
Turkey

Currently negotiating With Canada, Thailand and Gulf Co-operation Council (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates)

Declarations on Cooperation

Albania
Algeria
Colombia
Mercosur (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay)
Peru
Serbia
Ukraine

Joint workgroups

Norwegians have rejected in referendums to join the EU on two occasions. At the time of the first referendum (1972) their neighbours the Kingdom of Denmark joined. The second time (1994) two other Nordic neighbours, Sweden and Finland joined the EU. The two last governments of Norway have been unable and unwilling to advance the question, as they have both been coalition governments consisting of both proponents and opponents.

Iceland is not likely to join the EU in the near future due to political indifference towards the Union. Only one party supports starting entry negotiations.

Since Switzerland rejected the EEA in 1992, referendums on EU membership have been initiated, the last time in 2001. These were rejected by clear majorities.

In mid-2005, representatives of the Faroe Islands have hinted at the possibility of their territory joining EFTA. However, the chances of the Faroes' bid for membership are uncertain because, according to the EFTA Convention, only states may become members of the Association.

The United Kingdom benefited from the lack of common tariffs for EFTA members, by importing goods from the Commonwealth of Nations and selling them on to other EFTA members. Due to the advancement of the EEC and the decision to focus on Europe, rather than the United States and Commonwealth nations such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand, as trading partners, the United Kingdom chose to apply for EEC membership in 1961 (however, it did not become a member until 1973).