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The European Pressurized Reactor (EPR or US-EPR for the United States specific design) is a third generation nuclear fission pressurized water reactor (PWR) design. It has been designed and developed mainly by Framatome (Areva NP) and Electricité de France (EDF) in France, and Siemens AG in Germany. On Areva's webpage [3] this reactor is now called Evolutionary Power Reactor.

As of 2007, two units were under construction, one each in Finland and in France, and two units were planned as part of China's tenth economic plan, to start construction in 2009.

Contents 1 Design 2 Pilot power plant 2.1 Progress 3 Flamanville 3 (second unit) 3.1 Protests 4 Future power plants 4.1 China 4.2 United Kingdom 4.3 United States 5 See also 6 External links 7 Bibliography 8 References

The main design objectives of the EPR design are increased safety while providing enhanced economic competitiveness through evolutionary improvements to previous PWR designs scaled up to an electrical power output of 1600 MWe. The reactor can use 5% enriched uranium oxide or mixed uranium plutonium oxide fuel. This reactor's core can be loaded with 100% MOX fuel, whereas a typical PWR core can loaded with only about 33% MOX fuel.

The EPR design has several active and passive protection measures against accidents:

• Four independent emergency cooling systems, each capable of cooling down the reactor after shutdown.
• Leaktight container around the reactor.
• An extra container and cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor (see containment building).
• Two-layer concrete wall with total thickness 2.6 meters, designed to withstand impact by airplanes.

The EPR has a maximum core damage frequency of 4 x 10^-7 per plant per year. ^[1]

The Olkiluoto 3 ^[2] power plant in Finland, initially scheduled to go online in 2009 ^[3], will be the first EPR reactor built. The construction will be a joint effort of French Areva and German Siemens AG through their common subsidiary Areva NP, for Finnish operator TVO. The power plant will cost about € 3.7 billion. ^[4]

In May 2006 construction delays of about one year were announced, following quality control problems across the construction. In part the delays were due to the lack of oversight of subcontractors inexperienced in nuclear construction. ^{[5] [6]} The delays led to disappointing financial results for the Areva NP. It blamed delays on the Finnish approach to approving technical documentation and designs. ^{[7] [8]}

In December 2006 TVO announced construction was about 18 months behind schedule so completion was now expected 2010-2011, and there were reports that Areva was preparing to take a € 500 million charge on its accounts for the delay.^{[9] [10]}

At the end of June 2007 it was reported that Säteilyturvakeskus, the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, had found a number of safety-related design and manufacturing 'deficiencies'.^[11] In August 2007 a further construction delay of up to a year was reported associated with construction problems in reinforcing the reactor building to withstand an airplane crash, and the timely supply of adequate documentation to the Finnish authorities.^[12][13][14]

In September 2007 TVO reported the construction delay as "at least two years" and costs more than 25% over budget.^[15]

See also: Nuclear power in France

First concrete was poured for the demonstration EPR reactor at the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant on December 6, 2007.^[16] This will be the third unit on the site and the second EPR ever constructed. Electrical output will be 1,600 MW and it is projected to cost 3.3 billion Euros.^[17] The following is a condensed timeline for the unit:

• From October 19, 2005 to February 18, 2006 the project was submitted to a national public debate
• On May 4, 2006 the decision was made by the EDF’s Board of Directors to continue with the construction
• Between June 15 and July 31, 2006 the unit was under public enquiry, which rendered a "favorable opinion" on the project[4]
• Summer 2006 site preparation works began
• December 2007 construction of the unit itself will began, which is expected to last 54 months
• In 2012 the facility will be commissioned^[17]

• On March 17, 2007 simultaneous protests were staged by Sortir du nucléaire in 5 French towns to protest construction of EPR plants; Rennes, Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, and Strasbourg.^[18][19][20]
• On April 26, 2007 (the 21st anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster) around 30 protesters blocked entrances and chained themselves to cranes at the EPR site in Flamanville, some remaining on the site for 24 hours. A truck was also parked in front of the entrance to block its access.^[21]

See also: Nuclear power in China

In 2006, there was a bidding in process to build four new EPR reactors in China ^[22], and an intent to market EPRs in the U.S. with Constellation Energy ^[23]. In April of 2006, Areva SA lost this bid in favor Westinghouse Electric Company to build four AP1000 reactors, because of its refusal to transfer the expertise and knowledge to China. Nevertheless in February 2007 Areva won another deal, worth about € 5 billion, for two other nuclear reactors located in Guangdong, in southern China in spite of sticking to its previous conditions.^[24] The local partner for this project is China Guangdong Nuclear Power Co.

In November 2007, French president Nicolas Sarkozy signed the $12 billion deal that will see the 3rd and 4th EPR units constructed in China.^[25]

See also: Nuclear power in the United Kingdom

EDF said it will propose, in partnership with Areva, its European Pressurized Reactor (EPR) model of nuclear reactors to the UK government.^[26]

See also: Nuclear power in the United States

The US-EPR is one of the major competitors for next generation of nuclear plants in the United States, along with the AP1000 and the ESBWR. It is currently in the Design Certification Application Review process at the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), with expectation to submit an application for final design approval and standard design certification on December 14, 2007.^[27] UniStar, Amarillo Power, and AmerenUE have announced plans to file a Combined Construction and Operating License application in 2008 for the US-EPR. Unistar filed a partial application in July 2007 for a proposed third unit at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Maryland. Both UniStar and Amarillo Power have expressed interest in building two reactors while AmerenUE announced plans for just one.^[28]

• Economics of new nuclear power plants
• Nuclear power by country
• Generation III reactor
• Other Gen III designs
  • AP1000
  • ESBWR
  • GA-MHR

• Areva
• Official EPR webpage
• The EPR - Areva brochure
• Dossier by the e-journal Internationalist Review about the future EPR site in Cherbourg, France in French
• European Pressurised Reactor at Olkiluoto 3, Finland, Large & Associates (Consulting Engineers) for Greenpeace
• Operational risks and hazards of the EPR when subject to aircraft crash, Large & Associates (Consulting Engineers) for Greenpeace
• European Pressurised Reactor at Olkiluoto 3, Finland - Brief & Interim Review of the Porosity and Durability Properties of the In Situ Cast Concrete at the Olkiluoto EPR Construction Site, June 2006. Large & Associates (Consulting Engineers)

• NUCLEAR NOTES FROM FRANCE Fall 2004, Embassy of France in the US
• Large John H, Exploratory Review of the EdF Presentation in Support of the Proposal to Construct, Commission and Operate a 3rd Nuclear Power Plant at Flamanville, France, States of Jersey, August 2006