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In future studies, an existential risk is a risk that is both global and terminal. Nick Bostrom defines an existential risk as a risk "where an adverse outcome would either annihilate Earth-originating intelligent life or permanently and drastically curtail its potential." The term is frequently used in transhumanist and Singularitarian communities to describe disaster and doomsday scenarios caused by non-Friendly superintelligence, misuse of molecular nanotechnology, or other sources of danger.

Among the grimmest warnings of existential risks from advanced technology are those of computer scientist Bill Joy, who envisages the possibility of global destruction as new technologies become increasingly powerful and uncontrollable, and Martin Rees who has written about an extensive range of risks to human survival. Environmentalist Bill McKibben fears that human life will come to seem meaningless if certain historical limits to human technological capabilities are exceeded. The risk perceived here is psychological, rather than physical, but it would involve a universal and irreversible diminution of human life.

While transhumanism advocates the development of advanced technologies to enhance human physical and mental powers, transhumanist thinkers typically acknowledge that the same technologies could bring existential risks. Generally, transhumanism holds that the potential benefits are worth the existential risks (or that the technology would be impossible to prevent anyway), and many transhumanists, including Bostrom, are actively engaged in consideration of how these risks might best be reduced or mitigated.

Joel Garreau's book Radical Evolution contains extensive discussion of possible existential risks (and possible radical benefits) from emerging technologies.

The articles risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth and human extinction list a number of potential existential risks.

Contents 1 Quote 2 See also 3 External links 3.1 Bibliography

Our approach to existential risks cannot be one of trial-and-error. There is no opportunity to learn from errors. The reactive approach – see what happens, limit damages, and learn from experience – is unworkable. Rather, we must take a proactive approach. This requires foresight to anticipate new types of threats and a willingness to take decisive preventive action and to bear the costs (moral and economic) of such actions.

-- Nick Bostrom

• Organizations formed to prevent existential risks
  • Center for Responsible Nanotechnology - for safe, efficient nanotechnology and Blue Goo
  • Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence - for Friendly AI to help us avoid existential risks
  • Lifeboat Foundation - for the creation of an extra-terrestrial habitat to house reserve population until space colonisation begins
  • Foresight Institute - for safe nanotechnology and a society prepared to handle the consequences of such
  • Center for Genetics and Society - for the relinquishment of genetic technologies which may irrevocably change the definition of "human"

• Articles and Essays
  • Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios - The original essay by Nick Bostrom
  • Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks - A paper by Eliezer Yudkowsky dealing with human evolutionary psychology and the dangerous prejudices it supplies us with, specifically regarding the possibility of extinction events
  • Six Places to Nuke When You're Serious - An article by Michael Anissimov on strategic nuclear targets with multiplier effects
  • Immortalist Utilitarianism - An essay by Michael Anissimov, the 5th section of which concerns existential risks
  • Human Survival Risks
  • Why the future doesn't need us, Wired, April 2000 - Bill Joy's influential call to relinquish dangerous technologies.

• Joel Garreau, Radical Evolution, 2005
• Martin Rees, Our Final Hour (UK title: "Our Final Century"), 2003, ISBN 0-465-06862-6