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FAD
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that FADH2 be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) |
| FAD | |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| PubChem | |
| MeSH | |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C27H33N9O15P2 |
| Molar mass | 785.55 |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is the precursor molecule to FADH2. Upon bonding to two hydrogen atoms, FAD is then changed to FADH2 and is turned into an energy-carrying molecule. FAD can accept one or two electrons, usually accepted along with hydrogen atoms. This is used by organisms to carry out energy requiring processes. FAD, and the more common NAD, are reduced in the citric acid cycle during aerobic respiration.
FAD is a prosthetic group derived from riboflavin, or vitamin B2. Many oxidoreductases, called flavoenzymes or flavoproteins, require FAD as a prosthetic group which functions in electron transfers. FADH2 may donate electrons either one or two at a time. In the citric acid cycle, FAD is a prosthetic group in the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase that oxidizes succinate to fumarate.
In the Krebs cycle, FAD is reduced to FADH2. These reduction potentials are used in the electron transport chain to generate ATP in the mitochondria, regenerating FAD.
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| Major families of biochemicals | ||
| Peptides | Amino acids | Nucleic acids | Carbohydrates | Nucleotide sugars | Lipids | Terpenes | Carotenoids | Tetrapyrroles | Enzyme cofactors | Steroids | Flavonoids | Alkaloids | Polyketides | Glycosides | ||
| Analogues of nucleic acids: | Types of enzyme cofactors | Analogues of nucleic acids: |
| Coenzymes | NAD+ | NADP+ | Coenzyme A | Tetrahydrofolic acid | Menaquinone | Ascorbic acid | Coenzyme F420 | Adenosine triphosphate | S-Adenosyl methionine | 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate | Coenzyme Q | Tetrahydrobiopterin | Cytidine triphosphate | Glutathione | Coenzyme M | Coenzyme B | Methanofuran | Tetrahydromethanopterin | |
|---|---|---|
| Prosthetic groups | ||
| Organic groups: | Flavin mononucleotide | Flavin adenine dinucleotide | Pyrroloquinoline quinone | Pyridoxal phosphate | Biotin | Methylcobalamin | Cobamamide | Thiamine pyrophosphate | Heme | Molybdopterin | Lipoic acid | |
| Metals: | Calcium | Copper | Iron | Magnesium | Manganese | Nickel | Zinc | |