From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the experimental file system, see Ficus (file system). For the fig shell genus, see Ficus (mollusc). For Monroe Ficus, see Too Close for Comfort (TV series).

"Fikus" is a Swedish insult for a homosexual.

Ficus
Sycamore Fig, Ficus sycomorus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae (unranked) Eurosids I Order: Rosales Family: Moraceae Genus: Ficus L.
Species
About 800, see text

Ficus is a genus of about 800 species of woody trees, shrubs and vines in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the warm temperate zone. The most well known species in the genus is the Common Fig (F. carica), which produces the commercial fruit called fig. The fruit of many other species are edible though usually consumed locally or as bushfood. Yet other examples of figs include the banyans and the Sacred Fig tree (Peepul or Bo, Ficus religiosa), or the Strangler Figs.

Most species are evergreen, while some from temperate areas, and areas with a long dry season, are deciduous. Fig leaves vary in shape and are subject to strong adaptive radiation. The fingered leaf of the Common Fig is well-known in art and iconography. The Weeping Fig (F. benjamini) has tough leaves on pendulous stalks, adapted to its wet forest habitat. Creeping Fig (F. pumila) has small, rather delicate leaves, forming a low dense carpet of foilage. Figs are peculiar for their syconiums, where the flowering stalk grows to enclose the inflorescence inside a narrow hollow. They possess a whitish latex sap, some in copious quantities.

Cretaceous fossils apparently of fig tree leaves have been found in the Laramie Formation of present-day Colorado. They date from the early Maastrichtian, 68-69 million years ago.

Contents 1 Ecology and uses 2 Fruit and pollination 3 Selected species 4 List of famous fig trees 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links

Figs are keystone species in many rainforest ecosystems. Their fruit are a key resource for some mammals including fruit bats and primates such as capuchin monkeys, langurs and mangabeys. They are even more important for some birds. Asian barbets, pigeons, hornbills, fig-parrots and bulbuls are examples of taxa which may almost entirely subsist on figs when these are in plenty. Many Lepidoptera caterpillars, for example of several Euploea species (Crow butterflies), the Plain Tiger (Danaus chrysippus), the Brown Awl (Badamia exclamationis), and Chrysodeixis eriosoma, Choreutidae and Copromorphidae moths feed on fig leaves. The Citrus Long-horned Beetle (Anoplophora chinensis) for example has larvae which feed on wood, including that of fig trees; it can become a pest in fig plantations. Similarly, the Sweet Potato Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is frequently found as a pest on figs grown as pot plants and with the trade in these gets spread to other localities. For some other commoon diseases of fig trees, see List of foliage plant diseases (Moraceae).

Fig tree's wood is often rather soft and the latex precludes its use for many purposes; nonwithstanding, it was for example used to make mummy caskets in Ancient Egypt. On the other hand, certain fig species (mainly F. cotinifolia, F. glabrata and F. padifolia) are traditionally used in Mesoamerica to produce papel amate (Nahuatl: āmatl). Mutuba (F. natalensis) is used to produce barkcloth in Uganda. Pou (F. religiosa leaves' shape inspired one of the standard kbach rachana, decorative elements in Cambodian architecture. Weeping Fig (F. benjamina) and Indian Rubber Plant (F. elastica) are identified as powerful air-cleaning plants in the NASA Clean Air Study. Indian Banyan (F. bengalensis) and Indian Rubber Plant (and probably some other species too) have some use in herbalism; on the other hand the latter is known to be a benzene hyperaccumulator and urban or pot plants should be considered poisonous for that reason.

Figs have figured prominently in some human cultures. There is evidence that figs, specifically the Common Fig (F. carica) and Sycamore fig (F. sycomorus), were among the first - if not the very first - plant species that were deliberately bred for agriculture in the Middle East, starting more than 11,000 ago. Nine subfossil F. carica figs dated to about 9400-9200 BC were found in the early Neolithic village Gilgal I (in the Jordan Valley, 13 km north of Jericho). These were a parthenocarpic type and thus apparently an early cultivar. This find predates the cultivation of grain in the Middle East many hundreds of years.^[1].

Additionally, the fig tree has profoundly influenced culture through several religious traditions. It is one of the two sacred trees of Islam, and in East Asia, figs are pivotal in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. Siddhārtha Gautama, the Supreme Buddha, is traditionally held to have found bodhi (enlightenment) while meditating under a Sacred Fig (F. religiosa). The same species was Ashvastha, the "world tree" of Hinduism. The Plaksa Pra-sravana was said to be a fig tree between the roots of which the Sarasvati River sprang forth; it is usually held to be a Sacred Fig but more probably seems to be a Wavy-leaved Fig (F. infectoria).

See also: Common Fig

Figs, fresh Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 70 kcal   310 kJ
Carbohydrates     19 g - Sugars  16 g - Dietary fiber  3 g   Fat 0.3 g Protein 0.8 g
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database

Figs, dried Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 250 kcal   1040 kJ
Carbohydrates     64 g - Sugars  48 g - Dietary fiber  10 g   Fat 1 g Protein 3 g
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database

The fig is commonly thought of as fruit, but it is properly the flower of the fig tree. It is in fact a false fruit or multiple fruit, in which the flowers and seeds grow together to form a single mass. The genus Dorstenia, also in the figs family (Moraceae), exhibits similar tiny flowers arranged on a receptacle but in this case the receptacle is a more or less flat, open surface.

A fig "fruit" is derived from a specially adapted type of inflorescence (an arrangement of multiple flowers). What is commonly called the "fruit" of a fig is actually a specialized structure- or accessory-fruit called a syconium. In this case, it is an involuted, nearly closed receptacle with many small flowers arranged on the inner surface. Thus the actual flowers of the fig are unseen unless the fig is cut open. In Chinese the fig is called "fruit without flower"^{[verification needed]}. In Bengali, where the Common Fig is called dumur, it is referenced in a proverb: tumi jeno dumurer phool hoe gele ("You have become [invisible like] the dumur flower").

The syconium often has a bulbous shape with a small opening (the ostiole) at the outward end that allows access to pollinators. The flowers are pollinated by very small wasps that crawl through the opening in search of a suitable place to lay eggs. Without this pollinator service fig trees cannot reproduce by seed. In turn, the flowers provide a safe haven and nourishment for the next generation of wasps. Technically, a fig fruit proper would be one of the many tiny mature, seed-bearing flowers found inside one fig - if you cut open a fresh fig, the flowers will appear as fleshy "threads", each bearing a single seed inside.

Most figs^{[verification needed]} come in two sexes: hermaphrodite and female. The former are called "inedible figs", caprifigs or Caprinae^{[verification needed]}: in traditional Common Fig culture in the Mediterranean, they were considered food for goats (Capra aegagrus). In the female fig trees, the male flower parts fail to develop; they produce the "edible figs". Fig wasps grow in Common Fig caprifigs but not in the female syconiums because the female flower is too long for the wasp to successfully lay her eggs in them. Nonetheless, the wasp pollinates the flower with pollen from the fig it grew up in, so figs with developed seeds also contain dead fig wasps almost too tiny to see. Fig wasps are not known to transmit any diseases harmful to humans, and the high sugar content of dried figs renders them fairly sterile.

When a caprifig ripens, another caprifig must be ready to be pollinated. In temperate climes, wasps hibernate in figs, and there are distinct crops. Common Fig^{[verification needed]} caprifigs have three crops per year; edible figs have two. The first (breba^{[verification needed]}) produces small fruits called olynth. Some parthenocarpic cultivars of Common Figs do not require pollination at all, and will produce a crop of figs (albeit sterile) in the absence of caprifigs or fig wasps.

There is typically only one species of wasp capable of fertilizing the flowers of each species of fig, and therefore plantings of fig species outside of their native range results in effectively sterile individuals. For example, in Hawaii, some 60 species of figs have been introduced, but only four of the wasps that fertilize them have been introduced, so only four species of figs produce viable seeds there.

The intimate association between fig species and their wasp pollinators, along with the high incidence of a one-to-one plant-pollinator ratio have long led scientists to believe that figs and wasps are a clear example of coevolution. Morphological and reproductive behavior evidence, such as the correspondence between fig and wasp larvae maturation rates, have been cited as support for this hypothesis for many years.^[2]. Additionally, recent genetic and molecular dating analyses have shown a very close correspondence in the character evolution and speciation phylogenies of these two clades.^[3].

This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. Please help recruit one or improve this article yourself. See the talk page for details. Please consider using {{Expert-subject}} to associate this request with a WikiProject

• Ashvastha - the world tree of Hinduism, held to be a supernatural F. religiosa
• Bodhi tree - a F. religiosa
• Charybdis Fig Tree of the Odyssey
• Curtain Fig Tree - a F. virens
• Ficus Ruminalis - a F. carica
• Plaksa - another supernatural fig in Hinduism; usually identified as F. religiosa but probably F. infectoria
• Santa Barbara's Moreton Bay Fig Tree - a F. macrophylla
• Sri Maha Bodhi - another F. religiosa. Planted in 288 BC, the oldest human-planted tree on record
• The Great Banyan - a F. benghalensis, a clonal colony and once the largest organism known
• Vidurashwatha - "Vidura's Sacred Fig tree", a village in India named after a famous F. religiosa that until recently stood there

• Abraham Mauricio Salazar, famous papel amate artist
• Amphoe Pho Sai and Amphoe Suan Phueng, districts in Thailand named after Ficus species
• Banyan
• Edred John Henry Corner
• Ficus strangulensis, a poet (a fake scientific name meaning "strangler fig")
• Fig Newton
• Fig-parrots
• Figtree
• List of fruits
• Miracles of Jesus: the parable of the barren fig tree
• Mission fig
• Pippalada - Atharva-Veda scholar whose name means "Sacred Fig eater"
• Strangler Fig

• Kislev, Mordechai E.; Hartmann, Anat & Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2006a): Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley. Science 312(5778): 1372. doi:10.1126/science.1125910 (HTML abstract) Supporting Online Material
• Kislev, Mordechai E.; Hartmann, Anat & Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2006b): Response to Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley". Science 314(5806): 1683b. doi:10.1126/science.1133748 PDF fulltext
• Lev-Yadun, Simcha; Ne'eman, Gidi; Abbo, Shahal & Flaishman, Moshe A. (2006): Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley". Science 314(5806): 1683a. doi:10.1126/science.1132636 PDF fulltext
• Machado, Carlos A.; Jousselin, Emmanuelle; Kjellberg, Finn; Compton, Stephen G. & Herre, Edward Allen (2001): Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps. Proceeding of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 268(1468): 685-694. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1418 PDF fulltext
• Ronsted, Nina; Weiblen, George D.; Cook, James M.; Salamin, Nicholas; Machado, Carlos A. & Savoainen, Vincent (2005): 60 million years of co-divergence in the fig-wasp symbiosis. Proceeding of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 272(1581): 2593-2599. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3249 PDF fulltext

• Figweb Major reference site for the genus Ficus
• Video: Interaction of figs and fig wasps Multi-award-winning documentary
• Fruits of Warm Climates: Fig
• California Rare Fruit Growers: Fig Fruit Facts
• North American Fruit Explorers: Fig
• BBC: Fig fossil clue to early farming