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The First Battle of Tarain, also known as the First Battle of Taraori, was fought in 1191 at the town of Tarain (Taraori), near Thanesar in present-day Haryana, approximately 150 kilometres north of Delhi.

The battle pitted the armies of Muhammad of Ghor, conqueror of the Ghaznevid Kingdom of northwestern India, against the armies of Prithviraj III, a handsome Rajput of the Chauhan clan who ruled the most powerful kingdom in northern India.

Muhammad's conquests had brought his kingdom right to the border of Prithviraj's, and in 1191 Muhammad captured a fortress, either Sirhind or Bathinda in present-day Punjab state, on Prithviraj's northwestern frontier. Prithviraj's army, led by his vassal Govinda-raja of Delhi, rushed to the defense of the frontier, and the two armies met at Tarain.

The armies clashed with the blowing of conch-shells, the beating of drums, and the bold charge of the Rajput cavalry. Thw two wings of the Muslim army were routed and fled form the field with their bare lives while Muhammad held out in the center with the rest of the Turk soldiers—— here he met Govind-raja in personal combat. Govinda-raja lost his front teeth to Muhammad's lance, but wounded Muhammad with a spear to his upper arm. Muhammad fainted from the shock of the blow, and the remainder of his army, already shaken by the rout of their two wings and fearing their leader dead, broke down in retreat. The Rajput army pursued them up to their captured fortress, which being garrisoned by a Muslim army could not be left untaken. During this siege of the fort Muhammad Ghori managed to escape with the rest of his army.

Muhammad retreated to his capital at Ghazni, and the following year led an army to challenge Prithviraj at the Second Battle of Tarain.