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Flail

The flail is a medieval weapon made of one (or more) weights attached to a handle with a hinge or chain. There is some disagreement over the names for this weapon; the terms "morning star," and even "mace" are variously applied, though these are used to describe other weapons, which are very different in usage from a weapon with a hinge or chain, commonly used in Europe from the 13th century to the 15th century. In construction, the "morning star" and flail have similar, if not identical, spiked heads. Thus, "morning star" is an acceptable name for this weapon, especially as the name "flail" is also used to describe a style of whip used for punishment; flagellation.

The term "morning star" actually refers to the head of a weapon (the small round spiked ball) and can be used for either a morning star mace (on a shaft) or flail (if on a chain). Flails also sometimes had blunt round heads or flanges like a mace. Some written records point to small rings attached to chains on a flail used to inflict greater damage, but no historical examples are known to exist.^{[citation needed]}

The martial flail began as a variant of the normal agricultural flail. The term "flail" was given first to a farming implement used to separate wheat from chaff. This was normally a block of wood attached to a handle with either leather or rope. It was probably farmers called up for military service or peasant rebels who discovered its usefulness as a weapon. A few added spikes made the flail even more dangerous. The Hussites fielded large numbers of peasant soldiers with flails.

Later, special military flails were made, such as the iconic short stick with the chain and spiked metal ball. A mace and chain is a type of infantry weapon, most commonly used during the medieval ages. It consists of a mace or morning star, only with the handle replaced by a chain, which itself connects to a shorter handle. Soldiers using a mace and chain grasped this short handle with either one or two hands, and swung the weapon at the enemy in battle. Soldiers could swing the mace in a circle to gain momentum, before releasing it on the enemy. This would inflict the maximum damage possible on an enemy.

• Unlike a sword or mace, it doesn't transfer vibrations from the impact to the wielder. This is a great advantage to a horseman, who can use his horse's speed to add momentum to an underarmed swing of the ball, but runs less of a risk of being unbalanced from his saddle.
• It is difficult to block with a shield or parry with a weapon because it can curve over and around impediments.
• The flail needs space to swing and can easily endanger the wielder's comrades.
• Controlling the flail is much more difficult than rigid weapons.
• If the flail was swung with enough force it could crack open plate armour and stun the wearer.

A variation of the flail is a handle with several chains attached to it rather than one, none of which have a spiked metal ball at their ends.^{[citation needed]}

The flail was not just a European weapon. Examples existed in India and many other countries. In southeast Asia, lighter flail weapons such as the nunchaku or sansetsukon were more common.

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