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Free French Naval Forces
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Les Forces Navales Françaises Libres ("Free French Naval Forces") were the naval arm of the Free French Forces during the Second World War. They were commanded by Admiral Emile Muselier.
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In the wake of the Armistice and the Appeal of 18 June, De Gaulle founded the Free French Forces, including a naval arm, Les Forces Navales Françaises Libres (FNFL, "Free Naval French Forces"). On the 30 June 1940, De Gaulle was joined by vice-admiral Émile Muselier, who had come from Gibraltar by flying boat. Muselier was the only flag officer of the French Navy to answer the call of De Gaulle.
The French fleet was widely dispersed. Some vessels were in port in France; others had escaped from France to British controlled ports, mainly in Britain itself or Alexandria in Egypt. At the first stage of Operation Catapult, the ships in the British ports of Plymouth and Portsmouth were simply boarded on the night of 3 July 1940. The then largest submarine in the world, the Surcouf, which had sought refuge in Portsmouth in June 1940 following the German invasion of France, resisted the British operation. In capturing the submarine, two British officers and one French sailor were killed. Other ships were the two obsolete battleships Paris and Courbet, the destroyers Le Triomphant and the Léopard, eight torpedo boats, 5 submarines (the Minerve, Junon) and a number of other ships of lesser importance.
As soon as the summer 1940, the submarines Minerve and Junon, as well as four avisos, departed from Plymouth. Towarsd the end of 1940, the destroyers Le Triomphant and Léopard followed. Le Triomphant sailed for New Caledonia and spent the rest of the war based there and in Australia. The ship saw action in both the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
To distinguish the FNFL from the Vichist forces, vice-admiral Émile Muselier created the bow flag displaying the French colours with a red cross of Lorraine, and a cocarde also featuring the cross of Lorraine for aircraft of the Aéronavale Française Libre and Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres.
A number of ships were leased by the British to compensate the lack a warships of the FNFL ; among them, the Hunt class destroyer La Combattante and the Flower class corvette Aconit.
The FNFL suffered their first loss when the patrol boat Poulmic hit a mine and sank on the 7 November 1940 off Plymouth[1].
Soon after the fall of France, Free France was but a government in exile, with no land to speak of, and very little land and sea forces. In an attempt to set his authority on an important French territory, General De Gaulle attempted to rally French West Africa by personally sailing to Dakar with a British fleet, comprising a few Free French units; at the same time, a cruiser force had been sent by Vichy France to reclaim African territories which had already declared their support to De Gaulle (notably Chad). The resulting Battle of Dakar ended on a Vichist tactical victory, which did not prevent French West Africa from eventually joining the Fighting French in November 1942.
When it did, important ships based in Dakar were obtained: the modern battleship Richelieu, the heavy cruiser Suffren, light cruisers Gloire, Montcalm, Georges Leygues, and a few destroyers, including cruiser-sized Le Fantasque class destroyers.
Captain d'Estienne d'Orves attempted to unite the French Resistance, became an inspiring symbol when he was arrested, tortured by the Gestapo and executed.
In the summer of 1944, the Invasion of Normandy took place. The FNFL took part in both naval side of the operations, Operation Neptune, and to the landing itself, with the Commandos Marine of Captain Philippe Kieffer, climbing cliffs under fire to destroy German shore batteries.
The ships of the FNFL were deployed off the landing sites :
- Utah Beach: corvettes Aconit and Renoncule
- Omaha Beach: cruisers Georges Leygues and Montcalm ; frigates Escarmouche and Aventure ; and Roselys ;
- Gold Beach: Corvette Surprise
- Juno Beach: frigate Découverte ; corvette Estienne d'Orves ; and torpedo boat La Combattante
In addition the obsolete battleship Courbet was scuttled off Arromanches to serve as a Mulberry harbour.
The cruisers Georges Leygues and Montcalm, along with the battleship USS Arkansas provided fire support for the infantry until the 10 of June.
The Combattante silenced German coastal artillery of Courseulles-sur-Mer. The next day, she started patrolling the Channel. On the 14th of July, she ferried General De Gaulle to France[2].
The Richelieu was present in Tokyo Bay during the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender.
The FNFL also harboured technical innovators, like Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau, who invented the modern aqua-lung, and Yves Rocard, who perfected the radar. The aqua-lung became a major improvement for commando operations.
The merchant fleet of the FNFL suffered heavy casualties, amounting to one quarter of its men.
A number of warships were lost, notably the submarine Surcouf, possibly sunk in a friendly fire incident. Other losses include the destroyers Léopard, Mimosa, Alysse, and La Combattante ; submarine Narval ; patrol boats Poulmic and Vikings.
- ^ (French) Paul Vibert on ordredelaliberation.fr
- ^ LA COMBATTANTE