From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article does not cite any references or sources. (January 2007) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (November 2007)

Group of women holding placards with political activist slogans: "know your courts - study your politicians," "Liberty in law," "Law makers must not be law breakers," and "character in candidates" photo 1920

Freedom of assembly is the first amendment of the consitution freedom to associate with, or organize any groups, gatherings, clubs, or organizations that one wishes. It is held to be a key right in liberal democracies, whereby citizens may form or join any political party, special interest group, or union without government restrictions. ^[1]

This short section requires expansion.

In legal or political systems where rights tend to be ranked in a hierarchy, or "tiered", such that some rights are considered more worthy of protection by the state than others, freedom of assembly is generally located on the top tier. However, the very concept of assigning relative value to rights by way of tiers tends to be selective.

The freedom of assembly in order to protest sometimes conflicts with laws intended to protect public safety, even in democratic countries: in many cities, the police are authorized by law to disperse any crowd (including a crowd of political protesters) which threatens public safety, or which the police cannot control. The idenizers in order to prepare emergency services and response. Sometimes this bureaucratic power is abused by lawmakers if the protest is not a popular one in the community or with the local government, with the permit process in some cities taking a great deal of time, organization, and even money required before a permit is issued -- and then, when issues, time and location restrictions are sometimes added.

From time to time, local permit laws collide in court with the freedoms of assembly and of speech, such as in February 2003 when protests were anticipated over the exclusion of women from membership at the Augusta National Golf Club where golf's Masters Tournament is played every year. The Richmond County, Georgia county commission implemented a new rule requiring 20 days of advance notice before a protest, and giving the county sheriff the power to approve or deny permits, and to dictate the location of demonstrations. The sheriff turned down a permit to protest in front of the golf club but approved a protest half a mile away. Two courts upheld the ordinance granting the sheriff this power.

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights - article 201
• Council of Europe - article 11 of the European Convention of Human Rights.
• Canada - Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which is constituted as Part I of the Constitution of Canada of 1982
• France - article 431-1 of the Nouveau Code Pénal
• Hong Kong - Basic Law Section 27," Hong Kong residents shall have freedom... of assembly, of procession and of demonstration.."
• Article 27 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (though, not in opposition to Islam)
• Republic of Ireland - Guaranteed by Article 40.6.1 of the Constitution of Ireland, but only when exercised "peaceably and without arms" and not a "nuisance to the general public".
• Turkey - article 33 and 34 of the Constitution of Turkey guarantee the freedom of association and assembly.
• United States - First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States

• Freedom of assembly in Russia
• Free speech zone
• Judicial review
• Rule of law