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Fula Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular
Spoken in:	Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gambia, Chad, Sierra Leone, Benin, Guinea-Bissau, Sudan, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo
Total speakers:	10–16 million
Language family:	Niger-Congo  Atlantic-Congo   Atlantic    Northern     Senegambian      Fula-Wolof       Fula
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	ff
ISO 639-2:	ful
ISO 639-3:	variously: ful — Fulah (generic) fub — Adamawa Fulfulde fui — Bagirmi Fulfulde fue — Borgu Fulfulde fuq — Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde ffm — Maasina Fulfulde fuv — Nigerian Fulfulde fuc — Pulaar fuf — Pular language fuh — Western Niger Fulfulde
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

The Fula language is a language of West Africa, spoken by the Fulɓe (Fula or Fulani people) from Senegambia and Guinea to Cameroon and Sudan. It is also spoken as the first language by the Tukulor in the Senegal River Valley and as a second language by peoples in other areas.

There are several names applied to the language, just as there are to the Fula people. They call their language Pulaar or Pular in the western dialects and Fulfulde (pronounced full-full-day) in the central and eastern dialects. Fula(h) and Fulani in English come originally from Manding and Hausa, respectively; Peul in French from Wolof.

Contents 1 Classification 2 Dialects 2.1 East Central 2.1.1 Fulfulde, Western Niger (Niger) 2.1.2 Fulfulde, Central-Eastern Niger (Niger) 2.1.3 Fulfulde, Nigerian (Nigeria) 2.2 Eastern 2.2.1 Fulfulde, Adamawa, fub 2.2.2 Fulfulde, Bagirmi, fui 2.3 West Central 2.3.1 Fulfulde, Maasina, ffm 2.3.2 Fulfulde, Borgu, fub 2.3.3 Pular 2.4 Western 2.4.1 Pulaar 3 Writing systems 3.1 Latin alphabet 3.1.1 Sample Fula alphabet 3.2 Arabic script 4 References 5 External links

Fula belongs to the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family.

Fula is based on verbo-nominal roots, from which verbal, noun and modifier words are derived. It also uses infixes (a syllable inserted in the "middle" of a word, actually following the root and before the ending) to modify meaning. There are about 26 noun classes (the number may vary slightly in different dialects). Initial consonant mutation between singular and plural forms is another feature of the language. The language also has inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns. Fula has the reputation of being complex, but it is very regular (few exceptions or "irregular" forms).

While there are numerous dialects of Fula, it is typically regarded as a single language. Wilson (1989) states that "travellers over wide distances never find communication impossible." Bible translators estimate that at least 7 different translations are needed to make it comprehensible for all Fulfulde speakers. Ethnologue, however, treats several of the varieties as separate languages:

• 1.700.000 in Nigeria (2000)

• 700.000 speakers in Cameroon (1993)
• 128.000 in Chad (1993)
• 90.000 in Sudan (1982)

• 24000 speakers in Chad
• 156.000 speakers in Central African Republic (1996).

Main article: Maasina Fulfulde

• 900.000 speakers in Mali (1991)
• 7000 speakers in Ghana (1991)

• 280.000 speakers in Benin (2002)
• 48.000 speakers in Togo (1993)
• also spoken in Nigeria

Main article: Pular language

Alternative name is sometimes given as Fuuta Jalon (which is actually the name of the region in which it is spoken).

• 2.550.000 speakers in Guinea (1991)
• 50.000 speakers in Mali (1991)
• 136.000 speakers in Senegal (2002)
• 178.000 speakers in Sierra Leone (1991)

Pular is an official regional language in Guinea, and many speakers are monolingual. The language has borrowed a lot from Arabic and French, but also from English, Portuguese, Malinke, Susu, Wolof and others.

• Mauritania, Senegal and The Gambia

Main article: Fula orthographies

When written using the Latin alphabet, Fula uses the following additional special "hooked" characters to distinguish meaningfully different sounds in the language: Ɓ/ɓ, Ɗ/ɗ, Ŋ/ŋ, Ɲ/ɲ, Ƴ/ƴ (i.e. implosive B, implosive D, velar N [sounds like "ng" in "king'], palatal N, ejective Y). The apostrophe (ʼ) is used as a glottal stop. In Nigeria ʼy substitutes ƴ, and in Senegal ñ is used instead of ɲ.

a, aa, b, mb, ɓ, c, d, nd, ɗ, e, ee, f, g, ng, h, i, ii, j, nj, k, l, m, n, ŋ, ny (or ñ or ɲ), o, oo, p, q, r, s, t, u, uu, w, x, y, ƴ, z

Fula has also been written in the Arabic script or Ajami since before colonization. This continues to a certain degree and notably in some areas like Guinea.

• Arnott, David W. (1970). The nominal and verbal systems of Fula. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Wilson, W. A. A. (1989). Atlantic. In John Bendor-Samuel (Ed.), The Niger-Congo Languages, pp. 81-104.

• http://www.pulaagu.com
• http://www.jamtan.com
• http://www.kawtal.org
• http://www.kawtal.com
• Miɗo Waawi Pular! Learner's guide to Pular (Fuuta Jallon) by Herb Caudill and Ousmane Diallo
• Online learner's guide to Adamaoua Fulfulde
• Ethnologue entry for Fula
• Fulfulde Language Family Report (SIL) - includes maps of the dialects
• FULA (Fulfulde, Pulaar, Fulani, Peul) Language Page from MSU's Webbook of Afrian Language Resources (from the 1980s)
• Pular Language Ebooks, freely downloadable PDFs
• PanAfrican L10n page on Fula