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Furniture music, or in French musique d’ameublement (sometimes more literally translated as furnishing music), is background music originally played by live performers. The term was coined by Erik Satie, apparently in 1917, that is a few years before muzak was invented - this term rather indicating background music from recorded resources.

Contents 1 Satie's compositions 1.1 The music 1.2 Publication 1.3 Media 2 Revival 3 External links 4 See also

Although many other music by Erik Satie can be experienced (and is sometimes indicated as) furniture music, Satie applied the name only to five short pieces, composed in three separate sets:

• 1st set (1917), for flute, clarinet and strings, plus a trumpet for the first piece:
  • 1. Tapisserie en fer forgé - pour l'arrivée des invités (grande réception) - À jouer dans un vestibule - Mouvement: Très riche (Tapestry in forged iron - for the arrival of the guests (grand reception) - to be played in a vestibule - Movement: Very rich)
  • 2. Carrelage phonique - Peut se jouer à un lunch ou à un contrat de mariage - Mouvement: Ordinaire (Phonic tiling - Can be played during a lunch or civil marriage - Movement: Ordinary),
• 2nd set, Sons industriels (Industrial sounds, February/March 1920), for piano duet, 3 clarinets and trombone:
  • Premier Entr'acte: Chez un “Bistrot” (First Entr'acte: At a “Bistro”)
  • Second Entr'acte: Un salon (Second Entr'acte: A drawing room)
• 1923, commissioned by Mrs Eugène Meyer jr. (living in Washington DC), for small orchestra:
  • Tenture de cabinet préfectoral (Wall-lining in a chief officer's office)

The first set was apparently never performed (nor the score published) during Satie's lifetime.

The second set contained reminiscences of popular tunes by, amongst others, Camille Saint-Saëns and Ambroise Thomas. It was premiered in Paris the year it was composed, as intermission music to a lost comedy by Max Jacob. During these intermissions the audience was invited to visit an exposition of children's drawings in the gallery hosting the premiere.

Indications of the intentions of the artists giving the first performance are found in the manuscript of the score:

Furnishing divertissement organised by the group of musicians known as the "Nouveaux Jeunes"
Furnishing music replaces "waltzes" and "operatic fantasias" etc. Don't be confused! It's something else!!! No more "false music"
Furnishing music completes one's property;
it's new; it doesn't upset customs; it isn't tiring; it's French; it won't wear out; it isn't boring
--quoted in Gillmor, 1988, p 325-326

See also Entr'acte article for more details regarding the circumstances of this first, and only documented, public performance of furniture music during Satie's lifetime, assisted by the composer himself.

The separate commissioned piece was sent to America. There are no known public performances or publications of this music prior to leaving the European continent. This piece is sometimes presented as furniture music No. 3.

As Satie's pieces of furniture music were, unlike Muzak, very short pieces, with an indefinite number of repeats, this kind of furniture music later became associated with repetitive music (sometimes used as a synonym of minimal music), but this kind of terminology did not yet exist in Satie's time.

For a quarter of a century after the composer's death, all of the furniture music pieces remained hidden for the general public, apart from being mentioned in early Satie biographies. By the end of the 1960s parts of the furniture music started to appear as facsimile illustrations to press articles and new Satie biographies. The first full publication of sets 1 and 3 followed in the early 1970s. There was no full publication of the 2nd set before the last years of the 20th century.

Several decades after Satie's death furniture music was revived, largely due to the American composer John Cage, as the composer's theory of minimalist background music. Furniture music appeared as the launchpad for minimalist/experimental/avant-garde musics since it was the first instance of music being played or produced out of context. Music not as a centerpiece but as a cerebral backdrop.

These and other related ideas were picked up by several composers of the neo-Classical/20th Century school of music, accentuating atmosphere and texture over traditional form and movement. The minimalist references and anachronisms weren't solidified until composer John Cage performed Satie's "hidden" piece Vexations 840 times as per requested by Satie's own scribbled notes on the original sheet music.

• Cage’s Place In the Reception of Satie - a 1999 paper by Matthew Shlomowitz, published on Niclas Fogwall's "Erik Satie" website. This article contains a quote of Milhaud's definition of Furniture Music, as it was presented at the first public performance (Milhaud being one of the performers).

• Ambient
• Post-Ambient