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Count Fyodor Tolstoy by Sergey Zaryanko (1850)

Count Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy (Russian: Фёдор Петрович Толстой) (10 February 1783 – 17 April 1873) was a Russian artist who served as Vice-President of the Imperial Academy of Arts for forty years (1828-1868). His works — wax-reliefs, watercolours, medallions, silhouettes - are distinguished by cool detachment and a spare and economical classicism.

Fyodor Tolstoy came from the Tolstoy family. His father Count Pyotr Tolstoy governed a ministry of war supplies. Tolstoy early began to paint under the direction of his mother, Elizabeth Barbot-de-Marni. His first drawings, which are now stored in the Tretyakov Gallery, were made when he was 4 years old. At the age of nine he went to the foster care of his rich and influential uncle, Count Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy.

In his colored wax medallion People's militia of 1812 (1816), Tolstoy owes a debt to David's "Oath of the Horatii" and to the ceramics of Josiah Wedgwood.

A year later, Fyodor entered the Jesuit college of Gavriil Gruber in Polotsk. Here he studied painting as well as the sciences. Upon his ascension to the throne, Emperor Paul I summoned Pyotr Tolstoy to Saint Petersburg, and Fyodor Petrovich returned to his parents. At the same time his father was fired, and the family's circumstances deteriorated.

From June 1798 to June 1802 Fyodor Petrovich was educated in the Naval Cadet Corps. After finishing he continued his education under the direction of famous scientists. He studied mathematics, astronomy, political economy, zoology, archaeology and numismatics. He also frequented the riding academy and became a dashing horseman.

In this time, without any supervision he painted still lives, portraits and landscapes. After his father showed him a cameo depicting Napoleon, he started to learn the art of the medallist. Tolstoy visited the Imperial Academy of Arts classes of plastic arts. One of his teachers was the most fashionable Russian portraitist of the time, Orest Kiprensky.

In 1804 Fyodor Tolstoy was appointed an adjutant of Admiral Pavel Chichagov and was forced to retire. From 1806 he worked in the Hermitage Museum. In 1806 he painted the Confidence of Alexander of Macedon to doctor Philipp, the Judgement of Paris, the Labours of Hercules, etc. For his wax bas-relief the Triumphal entrance of Alexander of Macedon into Babylon (1809, now in the Hermitage Museum) Tolstoy was elected an honorable member of the Academy of Arts.

Family Portrait (1830)

From 23 September 1810 he worked in the Department of the Mint and became the founder of medal working in Russia. After the battle of Leipzig he began a series of twenty-four medallions devoted to the major battles of the Napoleonic Wars. Tolstoy's medallions acquired wide reputation not only in Russia, but also abroad. He was elected a member of almost all the European academies of fine arts. In 1861 he made his last medal, dedicated to the Emancipation of the serfs.

From 1820 to 1833 he employed a Neoclassical technique of "raw sketch" (refined outline drawings without shading and hatchwork) to execute 63 illustrations for the Dushenka of Ippolit Bogdanovich. As regards painting, Tolstoy specialized in interior scenes, full of symmetrical lines and Neoclassical statuary. His Family Portrait (1830) "betrays a Romantic fascination with both psychological detail and tricks of lighting, perspective, and frames".^[1]

In 1816 he became involved in freemasonry, more lately participated in the organization of the so-called "Lancasterian schools", the purpose of which was the propagation of literacy. Although he was close to the founding fathers of the Decembrist societies, Tolstoy did not participate in their unsuccessful revolt. In 1826 he wrote for Nicholas I treatises About the moral state of troops of Russia and About the state of the Russian Empire in connection to its internal organization, in which he proposed a series of legislative, social and tax reforms.

One of Tolstoy's Neoclassical illustrations to Dushenka (1820-33).

In 1838 Tolstoy composed a ballet The Aeolian Harp: he wrote the libretto, carried out sketches for costumes and in more than sixty pictures he determined the choreography; in 1842 he composed a second ballet based on Greek myth, Echo. Unfortunately, neither of them was mounted.

Pushkin, who regarded Tolstoy as the finest of contemporary Russian artists, referred to him, not surprisingly, in his novel Eugene Onegin. In a 1825 letter to his brother, Pushkin asked him to procure a vignette for the new edition of his poems: "What about having it done by Tolstoy's magic brush? No - too expensive, but how terrifically sweet" (the last line is taken from Ivan Dmitriev's fable "The Fashionable Woman").^[2]

• This article includes content derived from the Russian Biographical Dictionary, 1896 - 1918.

1. ^ Romanticism in National Context (ed. by Roy Porter, Mikulas Teich). Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-521-33913-8. Page 305.
2. ^ Vladimir Nabokov. Eugene Onegin: A Novel in Verse: Commentary. Princeton University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-691-01904-5. Page 443.

• (English) Tolstoy's works on www.abcgallery.com
• (Russian) Biography
• (Russian) Biography and some works