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George Lansbury (21 February 1859 – 7 May 1940) was a British politician, socialist, Christian pacifist and newspaper editor. He was a Member of Parliament from 1910 to 1912 and from 1922 to 1940, and leader of the Labour Party from 1932 to 1935.

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Political career 2 Personal life 2.1 High popularity 2.2 Heirs 3 References

Born in Halesworth, Suffolk, he became a campaigner for social justice and improved living and working conditions for the lower classes, especially in London's East End.

His earliest political involvement was with the Liberal Party, which he joined in 1886. He acted as electoral agent for Samuel Montagu in Whitechapel at the General Election of 1886, and for Jane Cobden, who stood for election to the London County Council as a Liberal candidate in 1889. Lansbury left the Liberal Party in 1892, after failing to secure the support of the National Liberal Federation for a legal eight-hour day. He joined the Social Democratic Federation and became a prominent member of that organisation, before leaving to join the Independent Labour Party around 1903. In 1910, he became MP for Bow and Bromley, but two years later he resigned to stand in a by-election in support of the women's suffrage movement. However he was unsuccessful and did not return to the House of Commons for ten years. In the campaign for women's suffrage he was accused of sedition and jailed in Pentonville. In Parliament, he defended authors of a "Don't Shoot" leaflet addressed to soldiers called to deal with militant strikers.

Lansbury helped found, in 1912, the Daily Herald, a socialist newspaper. He became editor just prior to World War I, and used the paper to oppose the war, publishing a headline "War Is Hell" upon outbreak of fighting. In 1922, the Herald became the Labour Party's official paper.

As Labour Mayor of Poplar, one of London's poorest boroughs, Lansbury led the Poplar Rates Rebellion in 1921, opposing not only the Government and the courts, but leaders of his own party. The borough council, instead of forwarding collected tax monies to London, dispersed part of the money as aid to the needy. Thirty councillors, including six women, were jailed by the High Court for six weeks. Council meetings during this time were held in Brixton Prison. Lansbury returned to Parliament at the 1922 general election, when he regained his old seat of Bromley and Bow.

In 1929 Lansbury became First Commissioner of Works in the second Labour government under Ramsay MacDonald. In this capacity, he was associated with the construction of a large open air swimming pool in Hyde Park, popularly known as 'Lansbury's Lido'. Two years later the government fell, MacDonald left the Labour party to form the National Government and the party went to a massive defeat in the 1931 General Election. The party's leader Arthur Henderson and nearly every other leading Labour figure were defeated. Lansbury was the one exception and became Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party in 1931. The following year Henderson stood down from the leadership of the overall party and Lansbury succeeded him.

The East Fulham by-election in June 1933 was dominated by the issue of rearmament against Nazi Germany. Lansbury as Labour Leader sent a message to the constituency:

I would close every recruiting station, disband the Army and disarm the Air Force. I would abolish the whole dreadful equipment of war and say to the world "do your worst".

Lansbury was a pacifist and found himself increasingly at odds with the official foreign policy of the party he was leading. On several occasions he offered to resign the leadership but his parliamentary colleagues dissuaded him, not least because there was no clear alternative leader. However in late 1935 the disagreements became more severe and public. Many in the Labour Party, particularly the Trade Union wing led by Ernest Bevin, were pushing for the party to support sanctions against Italy for its aggression against Abyssinia. Lansbury fundamentally disagreed with this. In the weeks leading up to the Labour Party Conference Lansbury's position was weakened when both Lord Ponsonby, the Labour leader in the House of Lords, and the Labour frontbencher and National Executive member Stafford Cripps, widely seen as Lansbury's political heir, resigned from their positions because they too opposed sanctions and felt it would be impossible to lead a party when they were in disagreement with it on the major political issue of the day.

Many wondered how Lansbury's leadership could survive, even though he retained an immense personal popularity. At the Conference this was publicly displayed by delegates, but then during a debate on foreign policy Ernest Bevin launched a withering attack on Lansbury. Heavily defeated in the vote, Lansbury determined to resign as leader. At a meeting of Labour MPs called shortly afterwards there was a great reluctance to accept his resignation, partially out of continued support but also because many Labour MPs feared that the next leader would be Arthur Greenwood, widely seen as heavily aligned to trade unionists like Bevin. In a vote the MPs voted by 38:7 to not accept Lansbury's resignation, but he insisted on stepping down. When it came to selecting a successor (initially envisaged as a temporary position), Greenwood's name was not considered and the party instead unanimously elected Lansbury's deputy, Clement Attlee.

Lansbury was chair of the No More War Movement, and president of the War Resisters' International. He was a critic of British policy towards the Spanish Civil War and worked with Spanish pacifist José Brocca.

His efforts to prevent World War II led him to visit most of the heads of state in Europe, including, controversially, both Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. He also visited U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

He was an unusually popular politician, an elder statesman with a considerable following. He died of cancer at 81 in Manor House Hospital in London.

George Lansbury was the father of Daisy Lansbury and Edgar Lansbury; father-in-law of Belfast-born actress Moyna MacGill (Lansbury) and the Hon. Raymond Postgate; grandfather of Angela Lansbury, Bruce Lansbury, Edgar Lansbury and Oliver Postgate.

His name lives on in the Lansbury Estate and, of course, the Lido.

• George Lansbury: At the Heart of Old Labour, John Shepherd, Oxford University Press: 2002. ISBN 0-19-820164-8. paperback 2004 0199273642.

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Alfred du Cros	Member of Parliament for Bow and Bromley December 1910–1912	Succeeded by Reginald Blair
Preceded by Reginald Blair	Member of Parliament for Bow and Bromley 1922–1940	Succeeded by Charles Key
Political offices
Preceded by The Marquess of Londonderry	First Commissioner of Works 1929–1931	Succeeded by The Marquess of Londonderry
Preceded by Arthur Henderson	Leader of the British Labour Party 1932–1935	Succeeded by Clement Attlee
	Leader of the Opposition 1932–1935