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George Sudarshan
Sudarshan receiving First Prize in Physics from Third World Academy of Sciences in 1985
Born	September 16, 1931 Pallam, Kottayam district, Kerala, India
Residence	U.S.
Nationality	Indian
Field	Theoretical Physics
Institutions	University of Texas Indian Institute of Science IMSc Harvard University University of Rochester TIFR
Alma mater	University of Madras TIFR University of Rochester
Academic advisor	Robert Marshak
Known for	Sudarshan-Glauber representation V-A theory of the weak force Tachyons
Notable prizes	Padma Vibhushan (2007) Third World Academy of Sciences Prize, 1985. Majorana Prize (2006)
Religious stance	Nasrani

Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan (E.C.G. Sudarshan) (September 16, 1931, Pallam, in Kottayam district of Kerala, India) is a prominent Indian American physicist, author, and professor at The University of Texas at Austin.

Contents 1 Education 2 Contributions 3 Controversy regarding Nobel Prize 4 Awards 5 Bibliography 6 See also 7 External links 8 References

Sudarshan graduated with honours from the Madras Christian College in 1951. He did his master's at the University of Madras, India, in 1952. Then he moved to TIFR and worked there for a brief period with Dr. Homi Bhabha as well as others. Subsequently he moved to University of Rochester, New York with Robert Marshak as a graduate student. In 1958, he received his Ph. D. from the University of Rochester, New York.

Sudarshan has made significant contributions to several areas of physics. He was the originator (with Robert Marshak) of the V-A theory of the weak force (also done later by Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann), which eventually paved the way for the electroweak theory. He also developed a quantum representation of coherent light, which is now known as the Sudarshan-Glauber representation.

Sudarshan's most significant work might be his contribution to the field of quantum optics. His theorem proves the equivalence of classical wave optics to quantum optics. The theorem makes use of the Sudarshan-Glauber representation. This representation also predicts optical effects that are purely quantum, and cannot be explained classically.

Sudarshan has made significant contributions to many other fields of physics. He was the first to propose the existence of tachyons, particles that travel faster than light. He developed formalism called dynamical maps that is one of the most fundamental formalism to study the theory of open quantum system. He, in collaboration with Baidyanaith Misra, also proposed the quantum Zeno effect.

He has taught at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), University of Rochester, Syracuse University, and Harvard. From 1969 onwards, he has been a Professor of Physics at The University of Texas at Austin and a Senior Professor at the Indian Institute of Science.He worked as the Director of The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, India for five years during the 1980s dividing his time between India and USA. During his tenure, he transformed it into a centre of excellence. He also met and held many discussions with philosopher J Krishnamurti.

His areas of interest include elementary particle physics, quantum optics, quantum information, quantum field theory, gauge field theories, classical mechanics and foundations of physics. He is also deeply interested in Vedanta, on which he lectures frequently.

There was a controversy involving Sudarshan and the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2005. Several physicists wrote a letter to the Swedish Academy, protesting that Sudarshan should have been awarded a share of the Prize for the Sudarshan-Glauber representation (or Sudarshan diagonal representation) in quantum optics, for which Roy J. Glauber won his share of the prize. Because the terms of Alfred Nobel's will restrict the number of Nobel Prize winners to three in a given year, the Nobel Committee has often been criticized for allegedly ignoring scientists who did seminal work on a topic while awarding a prize to other scientists for the same topic.

For the first time, Sudarshan himself has broken his silence over the Nobel controversy. Speaking to the Hindustan Times, he expressed frustration at the way Indians are ignored for top science honours, saying "The 2005 Nobel prize for Physics was awarded for my work, but I wasn’t the one to get it. Each one of the discoveries that the Nobel was given for were based on my research."

About having been denied the Nobel in 1979 as well, Sudarshan said, "Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow and Abdus Salam built on work I had done as a 26-year-old student. If you give a prize for a building, shouldn’t the fellow who built the first floor be given the prize before those who built the second floor?"

See also Matthew Effect

In 2007, Sudarshan was awarded the Padma Vibhushan by the Government of India, the highest civilian award after the Bharat Ratna.

• Padma Vibhushan second highest civilian award from Government of India, 2007.
• Padma Bhushan decoration by President of India, 1976.
• First Prize in Physics, Third World Academy of Sciences, 1985.
• Majorana Prize, 2006.

• Doubt and Certainty with Tony Rothman
• Classical Dynamics with N. Mukunda
• Fundamentals of Quantum Optics with John Klauder
• Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics with Robert Marshak
• From Classical to Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction to the Formalism, Foundations and Applications with Giampiero Esposito and Giuseppe Marmo

• Quantum open system
• Quantum optics
• Quantum Zeno effect
• Tachyon
• Weak interaction

• A LOOK-BACK AT FOUR DECADES OF RESEARCH By ECG SUDARSHAN
• Seven Science Quests, Uni. Texas, Austin
• Home page with vita and publications
• [1] Publications on ArXiv
• [2] Collected works
• ECG Sudarshan on Keral.com
• Harvard Crimson account of 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics controversy
• Sudarshan's letter to Nobel Committe
• Interview with Hindustan Times
• Lecture- Perspectives And Perceptions: Causality And Unpredictability

• Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 277-279 (1963)