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In William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, Gertrude is Hamlet's mother and Queen of Denmark. Her relationship with Hamlet is somewhat turbulent, since he resents her for marrying her husband's brother Claudius after he murdered the King (his father, King Hamlet). The immediacy of her second marriage suggests that there may be some question as to whether or not she was involved in the murder. Her actions are often suspect, particularly because, according to Hamlet, she scarcely mourned her husband's death before marrying Claudius.

Contents 1 Role in the play 2 Interpretations 3 The Oedipus Complex 4 Performances 5 Influences 6 References

Gertrude is first seen in Act 1 Scene 2 as she tries to cheer Hamlet over the loss of his father, begging him to stay at home rather than going back to school in Wittenburg. Her worry over him continues into the second act, as she sides with King Claudius in sending Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to raise the spirits of her son. Also, rather than ascribing Hamlet's sudden madness to Ophelia's rejection (as thought by Polonius), she believes it to be the cause of his father, King Hamlet's death and her quick, subsequent marriage to Claudius: "I doubt it is no other but the main; His father's death and our o'erhasty marriage."^[1] In Act three, she eagerly listens to the report of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern on their attempt to cheer him, and supports the King and Polonius' plan to watch Hamlet from a hidden vantage point as he speaks with Ophelia, with the hope that her presence will heal him.

She asks Hamlet to sit beside her during the play in Act 3 Scene 2 ("The Murder of Gonzago" scene), in which a similar queen is romantically pursued by her recently-slain husband's murderer. When Hamlet asks her what she thinks of the performance, she responds, "the lady protests too much, me thinks."^[2] In the same scene, when her husband reacts strongly to the play, she asks what is wrong.

Later, Gertrude sends for Hamlet to come to her room as she wishes to talk with him. Polonius begs her to find out the true cause of Hamlet's strange behaviour, then hides behind an arras. On Hamlet's entrance, Gertrude starts with an accusation that he has offended his father (Claudius), whereupon Hamlet argues that she has offended his true father by "damned incest" with Claudius. He implies that she had a hand in King Hamlet's murder, when he states, "A bloody deed- almost as bad, good mother,/ As kill a king and marry with his brother."^[3] Hamlet then restrains her, with the idea of forcing her to hear him, but she cries out in fear that he will murder her: "What wilt thou do? thou wilt not murder me? Help, help, ho!"^[4] Polonius yells from his hiding place and is quickly killed through the arras by Hamlet, who thinks it is the king. Gertrude is shocked at his bloody deed and Hamlet again orders her to sit and listen to his complaints, which he unloads portraying her latest acts in marrying Claudius as shameless, filthy, and sinful. Unable to bear it, Gertrude begs him to stop, calling his words "daggers" to her ears. During the tirade, the Ghost of Hamlet's father appears to "whet [Hamlet's] almost blunted purpose" and to warn Hamlet that he should take no action to harm his mother. Gertrude is unable to see the ghost, however. Heartbroken, she listens to Hamlet as he converses with apparently thin air, and then orders her not to have sex with Claudius again.

In the next act, Gertrude tells Claudius of Hamlet's murder, convinced that he is truly mad. She also shows genuine compassion and affection as she watches along with others as Ophelia sings and acts in absolute madness. At Ophelia's burial, she expresses her former hope that the young woman might have married her son: "I hoped thou shouldst have been my Hamlet's wife."^[5] When Hamlet appears and grapples with Laertes, she asks him to stop and for someone to hold him back—saying that he may be in a fit of madness now, but that will alleviate soon.

In the final scene, Gertrude notices Hamlet is tired during the fight with Laertes, and offers to wipe his brow. She drinks a cup of poison intended for Hamlet by the King, against the King's wishes, and dies, shouting in agony as she falls: "No, no, the drink, --O my dear Hamlet,-- The drink, the drink! I am poison'd."^[6]

Other characters views of the Queen are largely negative. When the Ghost of her former husband appears to Hamlet, he describes her as a "seeming virtuous queen," but orders Hamlet not to confront her about it and leave her judgement to heaven. However, he also expresses that his love for her was benevolent as he states that he would have held back the elements if they "visited her face too roughly."

Hamlet sees her as an example of the weakness of women (which affects his relationship with Ophelia) and constantly hurt in his reflections of how quickly (around two months) she remarried.

Gertrude's last words show affection towards her son. She does not confess to any sins before she dies which suggests she was naive about the "corruption" in Denmark. Therefore, Gertrude is most likely a honest queen and a passionate mother (which is debatable depending upon interpretation) as she makes no attempts to ease her conscience regarding whether she would be sent to Heaven or Hell (the Christian ethos formed a backdrop to the play as a technique used by Shakespeare).

Other considerations point to Gertrude's complicity in the murder of Hamlet's father. After repeated erratic threats towards his mother to no response, Hamlet states in Act III, Scene IV, Line 20 -- HAMLET: You go not till I set you up a glass where you may see the inmost part of you. -- In essence, telling his mother he will act as a mirror to reveal her true character to which she replies immediately -- QUEEN: What wilt thou do? Thou wilt not murder me? Help, ho! -- so suddenly only now at his dictate to reveal herself through him, she projects a killer.

In the essay "Hamlet and his problems" T.S. Eliot suggests that the main cause of Hamlet's internal dilemma is Gertrude's sinful behavior. He states, "Shakespeare's Hamlet... is a play dealing with the effect of a mother's guilt upon her son" ("Hamlet and his problems", The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism. 1922).

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Some scholars and directors believe that there is evidence of an incestuous relationship between Gertrude and Hamlet, a view popularised by Freud's famous notion of the Oedipus complex. This is highly disputed, but found in some film and theatre versions of the play, such as Franco Zeffirelli's 1990 film version of "Hamlet"' and in Tom Stoppard's modern adaptation, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead.

What is an Oedipus Complex?

In brief, based on "Oedipus Tyrannus" by Sophocles, Oedipus married the widowed Jocasta, not aware that she was his mother. They later realized the truth, causing Jocasta to commit suicide and Oedipus to blind himself. In Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical theory of human developmental stages, proposed in his publication Interpretation of Dreams (1899) he suggests that all sons go through a phase in their childhood where they see their fathers as competitors for their mothers' affections and wish to establish romantic relationships with their mothers. Freud explained that this desire is unconscious but still real in its effects. However, Freud argued that many boys only repress these desires, and if they are not overcome, the son will preserve an unhealthy love for their mother. This will result in “infantile neurosis”, an important forerunner of similar reactions during the child's adult life, when the feelings resurface. The same may happen to daughters in relation to their fathers, and in this case it would be called the Electra complex. In Hamlet's case, this crisis could be furthered by the death of his father.

Reasons to suggest why Hamlet has an Oedipus Complex

1. Hamlet is juxtaposed with Laertes as both men had lost their fathers. Unlike Laertes, Hamlet is governed by reason rather than revenge; although he 'hero-worships' his father as he refers to him as a "Hyperion" (one of the Titans), the fact that Hamlet calls himself a "rogue and peasant slave" (- Hamlet's second soliloquy) to represent his inability to murder Claudius could be evidence to suggest he has repressed feelings for his mother, as Laertes does not act in the same way. However, it can also be argued that Hamlet simply hates Claudius and is considering whether the spirit he saw really was "airs from heaven, or blasts from hell".

2. It is also a possibility that Hamlet identifies with Claudius for the murder of his father and this could a reason for his delay as Claudius had done the act that he had supposedly wanted to do since childhood.

3. Hamlet appears to have an obsession with Gertrude and Claudius' sexual relationship: "Not this, by no means, that I bid you: Let the bloat king tempt you again to bed" - Act III.4

There are suggestions to support this throughout the play as his language appears to be obsessed with sex e.g. "The King is a thing" - Act IV.2 thing may be interpreted as a euphemism for a penis. However, the counter-argument to this would simply be that Hamlet feels betrayed on his father's behalf and uses harsh imagery to shock his mother into realizing her incestuous marriage e.g. "In the rank sweat on an enseamed bed" - Act III.4 (enseamed deriving from seam which means animal fat).

4. Hamlet's relationship with Ophelia appears to suggest that Gertrude's marriage with Claudius has disillusioned his role of women. Some critics claim that Ophelia is a device used by Shakespeare whose only importance is to inform the audience of the background of other characters. If this is the case, it is hinted that Hamlet and Ophelia had a loving relationship before the death of his father, Old Hamlet; however, as the play progresses, Hamlet's behavior towards Ophelia becomes increasingly hostile, as does his general attitude towards women. This new-found misogynistic perspective may be part of his reaction to his mother's marriage to Claudius, and possibly sexual jealousy.

Many actresses have portrayed Gertrude in the numerous film adaptations of the play. They include Eileen Herlie, Julie Christie, Glenn Close, and Diane Venora.

Gertrude and Claudius, a John Updike novel, serves as a prequel to the events of the play. It follows Gertrude from her wedding to King Hamlet, through an affair with Claudius, and its murderous results, up until the very beginning of the play. Gertrude also appears as a character in Howard Barker's Gertrude—The Cry, which uses some of the characters from Hamlet.

v • d • e A series on Shakespeare's Hamlet
Characters	Hamlet • Claudius • Gertrude • Ghost • Polonius • Laertes • Ophelia • Horatio • Rosencrantz and Guildenstern • Fortinbras • Yorick • Full character list
Speeches	"To be, or not to be" • "What a piece of work is a man" • "Speak the speech"
Sources & Criticism	Legend of Hamlet • The Spanish Tragedy • Ur-Hamlet • Critical approaches to Hamlet
References	Phrases from Hamlet in common English • References to Hamlet • References to Ophelia
Performances	Hamlet in performance • Moscow Arts Theatre (1911)
Adaptations	The Lion King • Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead • Hamletmachine • Hamlet (opera) • Strange Brew
Hamlet on screen	Hamlet (1920 film) • Hamlet (1948 film) • Hamlet (1964 film) • Hamlet (1969 film) • Hamlet (1990 film) • Hamlet (1996 film) • Hamlet (2000 film)