From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Giambattista della Porta
Giambattista della Porta2
Born	late 1535 Vico Equense, Italy
Died	4 February 1615 Naples, Italy
Residence	Naples
Nationality	Italy
Field	Occult philosophy, astrology, alchemy, mathematics, meteorology, and natural philosophy
Alma mater	Self educated

Giambattista della Porta (1535?¹ - 1615), also known as Giovan Battista Della Porta, was an Italian scholar, polymath and playwright who lived in Naples at the time of the Scientific Revolution and Reformation. Born in that city to Italian nobility, Giambattista della Porta spent the majority of his life on scientific endeavors. He benefited from an informal education of tutors and visits from renowned scholars. His most famous work, first published in 1558, was entitled Magiae Naturalis (Natural Magic). In this book he covered a variety of the subjects he had investigated, including the study of: occult philosophy, astrology, alchemy, mathematics, meteorology, and natural philosophy.

Contents 1 Scientific disciplines 2 Pioneering scientific society 3 Technological contributions 4 Religious complications 5 Playwright 6 Works 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

In 1563, Della Porta published De Furtivis Literarum Notis, a work about cryptography. In it he described the first known digraphic substitution cipher^[1], and foreshadowed the concept of polyalphabetic substitution. Charles J. Mendelsohn commented:

"He was, in my opinion, the outstanding cryptographer of the Renaissance. Some unknown who worked in a hidden room behind closed doors may possibly have surpassed him in general grasp of the subject, but among those whose work can be studied he towers like a giant."'

In 1586 Della Porta published a work on Physiognomy. This influenced the Swiss Pastor Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741-1801). Della Porta wrote extensively on a wide spectrum of subjects throughout his life -- for instance, an agricultural encyclopædia entitled Villa, as well as works on meteorology, optics, and astronomy.

In later life, Della Porta collected rare specimens and grew exotic plants. His work Phytognomica lists plants according to their geographical location.

His private museum was visited by travellers and was one the earliest examples of natural history museums. It inspired the Jesuit Athanasius Kircher to begin a similar, even more renowned, collection in Rome.

Della Porta was the founder of a scientific society called the Academia Secretorum Naturae (Accademia dei Segreti). This group was more commonly knows as the Otiosi, or the Men of Leisure. Founded sometime before 1580, the Otiosi were one of the first scientific societies in Europe and their aim was to study the "secrets of nature." Any person applying for membership had to demonstrate they had made a new discovery in the natural sciences.

The Academia Secretorum Naturae was compelled to disband when its members were suspected of dealing with the Occult. Della Porta was summoned to Rome by Pope Paul V. Though he personally emerged from the meeting unscathed, the Academia Secretorum Naturae disbanded. Despite this incident, Della Porta remained religiously devout and became a lay Jesuit brother.

Della Porta afterwards established another society devoted to scientific study. This one, The Academy of the Lynxes, was concerned with discovering the truths behind the natural sciences. The founders chose the lynx as a symbol of the academy because cats had long been believed to have particularly sharp eyesight. A generation later, Galileo Galilei became a member.

His interest in a variety of disciplines resulted in the technological advances of the following: Agriculture, Hydraulics, Military Engineering, Instruments, Pharmacology. He published a book in 1606 on raising water by the force of the air. In 1608 he published a book on military engineering.

Additionally, della Porta perfected the camera obscura. In a later edition of his Natural Magic, Della Porta described this device as having a convex lens. Though he was not the inventor, the popularity of this work helped spread knowledge of it. He compared the shape of the human eye to the lens in his camera obscura, and provided an easily understandable example for how images lay outside the eye.

Della Porta also claimed to have invented the first telescope, however, he died while preparing the treatise ("De telescopiis")in support of his claim (his efforts were also overshadowed by Galileo Galilei's invention of the "telescopium" in 1609).

A Catholic, della Porta was examined by the Inquisition in the years prior to 1578. He was forced to disband his Academia Secretorum Naturae, and in 1592 his philosophical works were prohibited from further publication by the Church; the ban was lifted in 1598. Porta's involvement with the inquisition puzzles historians due his active participation in charitable Jesuit works by 1585. A possible explanation for this lies in Porta's personal relations with Fra Paolo Sarpi after 1579.

The 17 theatrical works that have survived from a total of perhaps 21 or 23 works ^[2] comprise 14 comedies, one tragicomedy, one tragedy and one liturgical drama.

Although they belong to the lesser-known tradition of the commedia erudita rather than the commedia dell'arte -- which means they were written out as entire scripts instead of being improvised from a scenario -- Della Porta's comedies are eminently performable. While there are obvious similarities between some of the characters in Della Porta's comedies and the masks of the commedia dell'arte, it should be borne in mind that the characters of the commedia erudita are uniquely created by the text in which they appear, unlike the masks, which remain constant from one scenario to another. Indeed, the masks of the improvised theatre evolved as stylised versions of recurring character types in the written comedies. By the time Carlo Goldoni started writing new scripts in the 18th Century, the "improvised" comedy had become tired and predictable.

• Natural Magic 1558 expanded to 20 books 1589. English translation 1658. Available online at [1]
• De furtivis Literarum Notis (1563) On secret codes and Cryptography
• Villa (1583-92) An agricultural encyclopaedia
• De humana physiognomonia libri IIII (1586) On Physiognomy
• De refractione optices (1589) On Optics
• Elementorum curvilineorum libri duo (1601)
• De aeris transmutanionbus (1609) On Meteorology
• De distillatione (1610) Della Porta's chemical experiments and observations.

_{1 The date of Della Porta's birth is ambiguous due to mis-statements by Della Porta himself, in which he claimed to have written Maiae naturalis at an incorrectly young age. 2 Portrait of Della Porta: from Jo. Bapt. Portae Neapolitani Magiae naturalis libri XX...., Naples, 1589}

• Clubb, Louise George (1965) Giambattista Della Porta, Dramatist. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

• O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson "Giambattista della Porta". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.  
• Giambattista della Porta: De humana physiognomonia libri IIII (Vico Equense, Italy, 1586). Selected pages scanned from the original work. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.
• Burns, Paul The History of the Discovery of Cinematography An Illustrated Chronology
• Works by Giambattista della Porta at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Giambattista della Porta in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Persondata
NAME	Porta, Giambattista della
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Giambattista della Porta; Giovanni Battista della Porta
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Italian scholar
DATE OF BIRTH	late 1535
PLACE OF BIRTH	Vico Equense, Italy
DATE OF DEATH	4 February 1615
PLACE OF DEATH	Naples, Italy