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Gian Carlo Menotti (July 7, 1911 – February 1, 2007) was an Italian-born American composer and librettist who wrote the classic Christmas opera Amahl and the Night Visitors among about two dozen other operas intended to appeal to popular taste. He won the Pulitzer Prize for two of them, The Consul (1950) and The Saint of Bleecker Street (1955). He founded the noted Festival dei due mondi (Festival of the Two Worlds) in 1958 and its American counterpart, Spoleto Festival USA, in 1977.

Contents 1 Life and career 2 Compositions 3 Chronology 4 Books 4.1 By Menotti 4.2 About Menotti 5 References 6 External links

Born in Cadegliano-Viconago, Italy, Lake Maggiore and the Swiss border, Menotti was the sixth child of Alfonso and Ines Menotti.^[1] Menotti began writing songs when he was seven years old, and at eleven wrote both the libretto and music for his first opera, The Death of Pierrot. He began his formal musical training at Milan's Verdi Conservatory in 1923.

After the death of his father, Menotti and his mother emigrated to the United States, and he enrolled at Philadelphia's Curtis Institute of Music where he studied composition under Rosario Scalero.^[2] Fellow students at Curtis included Leonard Bernstein and Samuel Barber. The latter became Menotti's partner in life and in work, with Menotti crafting the libretto for Barber's most famous opera, Vanessa, which premiered in 1958, at the Metropolitan Opera. As a student, Menotti spent much of his time with the Samuel Barber family in West Chester, Pennsylvania. After graduation, the two men bought a house together in Mount Kisco, New York which they shared for over forty years.^[3] It was at Curtis that Menotti wrote his first mature opera, Amelia al Ballo (Amelia Goes to the Ball), to his own Italian text. The Island God (which he suppressed, though its libretto was printed by the Metropolitan Opera and can be found in many libraries) and The Last Savage were the only other operas he wrote in Italian, the rest being in English. Like Wagner, he wrote the libretti of all his operas. His most successful works were composed in the 1940s and 1950s. Menotti also taught at the Curtis Institute of Music.

In 1958, he founded the Festival of Two Worlds in Spoleto, Italy; he founded its companion festival in Charleston, South Carolina in 1977. For three weeks each summer, Spoleto is visited by nearly a half-million people.^[4] These festivals were intended to bring opera to a popular audience and helped launch the careers of such artists as singer Shirley Verrett and choreographers Paul Taylor and Twyla Tharp.^[5] He left Spoleto USA in 1993 to take the helm of the Rome Opera.

In 1974, Menotti adopted his long-time partner Francis "Chip" Phelan as his son.^[6] In the same year, Menotti bought a Scottish manor, Yester House,^[7] the ancestral home of the Marquis of Tweeddale, at the foot of Lammermuir in Scotland.

In 1984 Menotti was awarded the Kennedy Center Honor for achievement in the arts, and in 1991 he was chosen Musical America's "Musician of the Year". In addition to composing operas to his own texts, on his own chosen subject matter, Menotti directed most productions of his work. He and partner Barber for a time lived in a home in Westchester County, New York, called "Capricorn".

Menotti died on February 1, 2007 at the age of 95 in a hospital in Monte Carlo, Monaco, where he had a home. He thought it would be "naughty" to die in Monte Carlo.

In June and July of 2007 the Festival of Two Worlds, which Menotti founded and oversaw until his death, dedicated the 50th Anniversary of the Festival to his memory. Menotti works performed during the festival included Maria Golovin, Landscapes and Remembrances, Missa O Pulchritudo, and The Unicorn, the Gorgon, and the Manticore.

Menotti wrote the libretti for two of Samuel Barber's operas, Vanessa and A Hand of Bridge, as well as revising the libretto for Antony and Cleopatra. Amelia was so successful that NBC commissioned an opera specifically for the new medium of radio, The Old Maid and the Thief, which was the first such work ever written for, and performed on the radio^{[citation needed]}. Following this, he wrote a ballet, Sebastian (1944), and a piano concerto (1945) before returning to opera with The Medium and The Telephone, or L'Amour à trois.

His first full-length opera, The Consul, was premiered in 1950. It won both the Pulitzer Prize for Music and the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Musical Play of the Year (the latter in 1954). In 1951, Menotti wrote his beloved Christmas opera Amahl and the Night Visitors for the Hallmark Hall of Fame. It was the first opera ever written for television in America,^[8] and first aired on Christmas Eve, 1951. It was such a success that it became an annual Christmas tradition. It remains Menotti's most popular work to this day. Menotti won a second Pulitzer Prize for his opera The Saint of Bleecker Street in 1955.

Menotti also wrote several ballets and numerous choral works. Of these, the most notable is his cantata The Death of the Bishop of Brindisi, written in 1963. He also wrote a violin concerto, symphonies, and a stage play, The Leper. It was in the field of opera, however, that he made his most notable contributions to American cultural life.

• Amelia al Ballo (1937)
• The Old Maid and the Thief, radio opera (1939)
• The Island God (1942)
• The Medium (1946)
• The Telephone, or L'Amour à trois (1947)
• The Consul (1950)
• Amahl and the Night Visitors, television opera (1951)
• The Saint of Bleecker Street (1954)
• The Unicorn, the Gorgon, and the Manticore (1956)
• Maria Golovin (1958)
• Labyrinth television opera (1963)
• The Last Savage (1963)
• Martin's Lie (1964)
• Help, Help, the Globolinks! (1968)
• The Most Important Man (1971)
• Tamu-Tamu (1973)
• The Egg (1976)
• The Hero (1976)
• The Trial of the Gypsy (1978)
• Chip and his Dog, on commission for the CCOC (1979)
• La Loca (1979)
• Missa 'O Pulchritudo' (1979)
• A Bride from Pluto (1982)
• The Boy Who Grew Too Fast (1982)
• Goya (1986)
• The Wedding (Giorno da Nozze) (1988)
• Goya [rev.] (1991)
• The Singing Child (1993)

(Source: usopera.com)

• Amahl and the Night Visitors: Vocal Score. G. Schirmer, Inc, 1986. ISBN 0-881-88965-2.
• The Telephone: Vocal Score. G. Schirmer, Inc, 1986. ISBN 0-793-55370-9.
• The Medium: Vocal Score. G. Schirmer, Inc, 1986. ISBN 0-793-51546-7.

• Wlaschin, Ken. Gian Carlo Menotti on Screen: Opera, Dance and Choral Works on Film, Television and Video. McFarland & Company, 1999. Library Binding: ISBN 0-786-40608-9
• Gruen, John. Menotti: A Biography. Hardcover. Macmillan Pub Co, 1978. ISBN 0-025-46320-9.

1. ^ Time.com, Feb. 1, 2007
2. ^ http://www.schirmer.com/default.aspx?TabId=2419&State_2872=2&ComposerId_2872=1039
3. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/gian-carlo-menotti?cat=entertainment
4. ^ Time.com, Feb. 1, 2007
5. ^ Time Magazine, Milestones section, February 19, 2007 issue
6. ^ http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608003286/Gian-Carlo-Menotti.html
7. ^ http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/features/featurefirst281.html
8. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/news/2007/02/02/db0201.xml Telegraph obituary. Last accessed 02/02/07

• Art of the States: Giancarlo Menotti