From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A gloss (from Koine Greek γλώσσα glossa, meaning 'tongue' -- the organ -- as well as 'language') is a note made in the margins or between the lines of a book, in which the meaning of the text in its original language is explained, sometimes in another language. As such, glosses can vary in thoroughness and complexity, from simple marginal notations of words one reader found difficult or obscure, to entire interlinear translations of the original text and cross references to similar passages.

A collection of glosses is a glossary (though glossary also means simply a collection of specialized terms with their meanings). A collection of medieval legal glosses, made by so called glossators, commenting legal texts, is called an apparatus. The compilation of glosses into glossaries was the beginning of lexicography, and the glossaries so compiled were in fact the first dictionaries.

Glosses were a primary format used in medieval Biblical theology, and were studied and memorized almost upon their own merit, without regards to the author. Many times a Biblical passage was heavily associated with a particular gloss, whose truth was taken for granted by many theologians. This phenomenon occurred also in medieval law: the glosses on Roman law and Canon law created for many subjects standard starting points of reference, a socalled sedes materiae (literally: seat of the matter).

This page of the Codex Emilianensis includes glosses to obsolete Latin phrases that are now considered the first phrases written in the Castilian language.

Glosses are of some importance in philology, especially if one language—usually, the language of the author of the gloss—has left few texts of its own. The Reichenau glosses, for example, gloss the Latin Vulgate Bible in an early form of one of the Romance languages, and as such give insight into late Vulgar Latin at a time when that language was not often written down. A series of glosses in the Old English language to Latin Bibles give us a running translation of Biblical texts in that language; see Old English Bible translations. Glosses of Christian religious texts are also important for our knowledge of Old Irish. Glosses frequently shed valuable light on the vocabulary of otherwise little attested languages; they are less reliable for syntax, because many times the glosses follow the word order of the original text, and translate its idioms literally.

In linguistics, a simple gloss in running text is usually indicated in single quotation marks, following the transcription of a foreign word. For example:

• A Cossack longboat is called a chaika ‘seagull’.
• The moose gains its name from the Algonquian mus or mooz (‘twig eater’).

A longer or more complex transcription requires an interlinear gloss. This is often placed between a text and its translation when it is important to understand the structure of the language being glossed. It has become standard to align the words and to gloss each morpheme separately. Grammatical terms are commonly abbreviated and printed in SMALL CAPITALS to keep them distinct from translations. Varying levels of analysis may be detailed. For example,

Lezgian (Haspelmath 1993: 207)

Gila	abur-u-n	ferma	hamišaluǧ	güǧüna	amuqʼ-da-č
now	they-OBL-GEN	farm	forever	behind	stay-FUT-NEG

or

Gila	aburun	ferma	hamišaluǧ	güǧüna	amuqʼ-da-č
now	their.OBL	farm	forever	behind	stay-will-not

or

Gila	aburun	ferma	hamišaluǧ	güǧüna	amuqʼdač
now	their	farm	forever	behind	won't.stay

Now their farm will not stay behind forever.

A semi-standardized set of parsing conventions and grammatical abbreviations is contained in the Leipzig Glossing Rules.

Talcott Parsons used the word "gloss" to describe how mind constructs reality. We are taught how to "put the world together" by others who subscribe to a consensus reality — which many disciplines, Zen for example, strive to overcome. Studies have shown that our brains "filter" the data coming from our senses. This "filtering" is largely unconsciously created and determined by biology, cultural constructs including language, personal experience, belief systems, etcetera. Different cultures create different glosses.