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Groningen
Flag Coat of arms
Coordinates: 53°13′N 6°33′E / 53.217, 6.55
Country	Netherlands
Province	Groningen
Municipality	Groningen
Area (2006)
- Total	83.69 km² (32.3 sq mi)
- Land	79.59 km² (30.7 sq mi)
- Water	4.10 km² (1.6 sq mi)
Population (1 January 2007)
- Total	181,819
- Density	2,284/km² (5,915.5/sq mi)
	Source: CBS, Statline.
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
- Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)

Groningen is the capital city of the province of Groningen in the Netherlands. With a population of 185,000 it is by far the largest city in the north of the Netherlands.

Contents 1 History 2 Art, culture and nightlife 3 University of Groningen 3.1 Museums 3.2 Theatre and music 3.3 Nightlife 4 Partner towns 5 Politics 6 Industry 7 Transport 8 Football stadium 9 Born in Groningen 10 Trivia 11 See also 12 References 13 External links

The city was founded on the northernmost point of the Hondsrug area. The oldest document referring to Groningen's existence dates from 1040. However, the city already existed long before then, for the oldest archaeological traces found are believed to stem from the years 3950–3720 BC, although the first major settlement in Groningen has been traced back to the 3rd century AD.

In the 13th century, when Groningen was an important trade center, its inhabitants built a city wall to underline its authority. The city had a strong influence on the surrounding lands and made its dialect a common tongue. The most influential period of the city was the end of the 15th century, when the nearby province of Friesland was administered from Groningen. During these years, the Martini Tower was built, which loomed over the city at (then) 127 meters tall, making it the highest building in Europe at the time. But the city's independence came to an end when it chose to join forces with the Spanish during the Eighty Years' War in 1594. It later switched sides, joining the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.

In 1614, the University of Groningen was founded, initially only for religious education. In the same period the city expanded rapidly and a new city wall was built. That same city was tested during the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672, when the city was attacked fiercely by the bishop of Münster, Bernhard von Galen. The city walls resisted, and to this day, this event is celebrated on 28 August, when the city bustles with music and fireworks.

The city did not escape the devastation of World War II. In particular, the main square, Grote Markt, was largely destroyed in April 1945, at the end of the war. However, the Martinitoren, its church, the Goudkantoor (tax office), and the city hall were not damaged. The battle there lasted several days.

Although Groningen is not a large city, it does have an important role as the main urban center of this part of the country, particularly in the fields of music and other arts, education, and business. The large number of students living in Groningen also contributes to a diverse cultural scene for a city of its size.

The University of Groningen (in Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) has a rich academic tradition which dates back to 1614. After the University of Leiden, it is the oldest university located in the Netherlands. The university educated the first female student and the first astronaut in the history of the country, the first president of the European Bank and a Nobel prize winner. They share their academic roots with around 200,000 people, who were either students, teachers or researchers at the university.

The most important and most famous museum in Groningen is the Groninger Museum. With the construction of its current building, designed by Alessandro Mendini, the museum has been transformed into one of the most modern and innovative of its kind in the Netherlands. In addition, the city also has a science museum, a comics museum and a tobacco museum.

Groningen has its own city theatre (Stadsschouwburg), located on the Turfsingel; a big theatre and concert venue called Martini Plaza; and another major cultural venue on the Trompsingel, called the Oosterpoort. Vera is located on the Oosterstraat, Grand Theatre on the Grote Markt, and Simplon on the Boterdiep. Several cafes feature live music, a few of which specialize in jazz music, including Jazzcafe De Spieghel on the Peperstraat. The jazz music students from the Prins Claus Conservatorium have been known to hold regular jam sessions in cafes such as Peter Pan on the Voor Het Voormalige Klein Poortje and café De Smederij on the Tuinstraat 2-4.

Groningen's nightlife depends largely on its student population. Its cultural scene is vibrant and remarkable for a city of its size. In particular, the Grote Markt, the Vismarkt, and the Poelestraat and Peperstraat are crowded at night, especially on Thursdays and Fridays when some bars do not close until 7 in the morning. In 2006 Groningen was elected "de beste binnenstad" (the best city center) of the Netherlands.

The city is twinned with the following cities:^[1]

• Graz
• Jabalya
• Kaliningrad
• Katowice
• Murmansk
• Newcastle
• Odense
• Oldenburg
• San Carlos
• Tallinn
• Tianjin
• Zlin

and in addition with the state of Michigan

The city council has 39 members. The left-wing parties PvdA and GroenLinks are the largest. After the elections in 2002, they formed a coalition with CDA and VVD. Jacques Wallage has been the mayor since 1998. As a result of the elections of 2006, three left-wing parties (PvdA, GroenLinks and SP), decided to form a new coalition, which was appointed on April 26, 2006.

There are two sugar factories within the municipality borders of Groningen, one operated by CSM and one by Suikerunie. The factories produce around 600,000 tonnes of beet sugar annually (2005 figures).

Groningen has been called the "World Cycling City", since 57% of journeys within the city are made by bicycle.^{[citation needed]} The city is very much adapted to the wishes of those who want to get around without a car, as it has an extensive cycle network, good public transport, and a large pedestrianized zone in the city center. In the Italian TV program of investigative journalism "Report" appeared a short movie [1], considering the use of bikes in Groningen a good practice to emulate in Italy.

The main train station (served by the Nederlandse Spoorwegen and Arriva) has regular services to most of the major cities in the Netherlands, plus Schiphol Airport, and Germany. Besides the main station, Groningen has two additional smaller train stations.

There are also direct buses between Groningen (train station) and Bremen (airport) in Germany, run by Public Express.

The A28 motorway connects the city of Groningen to Utrecht (via Zwolle and Amersfoort). The A7 motorway connects Groningen to Friesland and Amsterdam (South-West) and Winschoten and the direction of Bremen in the East.

The football (soccer) stadium of FC Groningen is called Euroborg. Opened in January 2006, the stadium has 20,000 seats. The former football stadium of FC Groningen is the Oosterpark Stadion (12,500 seats).

• Roche Braziliano (ca. 1635), pirate
• Daniel Bernoulli (1700), mathematician and physicist
• Jozef Israëls (1824), painter
• Hendrik Willem Mesdag (1831), painter
• Samuel van Houten (1837), politician, cabinet minister
• Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853), physicist, Nobel laureate
• Johan Huizinga (1872), historian
• Jaap Eden (1873), athlete, world champion in speed skating and cycling
• Julia Culp (1880), mezzo-soprano, the "Dutch nightingale"
• Jan C. Uiterwijk (1915), Athlete, Shipping tycoon
• Ida Vos (1931), writer and poet
• Wim T. Schippers (1942), artist, comedian
• Corrie Winkel (1944), athlete, Olympic silver medalist
• Joanna Gash (1944), Australian politician
• Jan Sloot (ca. 1945), inventor, claimed to have invented a revolutionary data compression technique
• Alfred Lagarde (1948), radio deejay
• Gerard Kemkers (1967), ice speed skater and coach
• Stephan Veen (1970), athlete, Olympic field hockey champion
• Rutger Smith (1981), athlete, world championship silver medalist
• Kim Feenstra (1986), model, Champion of Holland's Next Top Model, Cycle 2

• The city is nationally known as the "Metropolis of the North" and as "Martinistad" referring to the Martini Tower.
• The city is known as "Stad" in the local dialect, which simply translates as City, because Groningen is the only large city in the province of Groningen.
• In the autumns months, the sugar factories produce a distinct sweet smell that can be detected from most parts of the city.

• Battle of Groningen

• Travelguide to Groningen from Wikitravel
• Bus lines (PDF)
• CSM sugar
• Groningen Official Website
• Groninger Museum
• Publicexpress bus line
• Tourist information
• Map of Groningen
• University of Groningen
• Vera - club for the international pop underground
• Webcam - shows Oude Ebbingestraat
• Second World War History
• Groningen on Google Maps
• 360° Fullscreen panoramas from Groningen

v • d • e Members of the Hanseatic League
Wendish and Pomeranian circle	Lübeck*† · Hamburg† · Kiel · Lüneburg · Rostock · Stade · Stettin (Szczecin) · Stralsund · Wismar
Saxony, Thuringia, Brandenburg circle	Brunswick* · Berlin · Brandenburg · Bremen† · Erfurt · Frankfurt · Goslar · Halle · Magdeburg
Poland, Prussia, Livonia, Sweden circle	Danzig (Gdańsk)* · Breslau (Wrocław) · Dorpat (Tartu) · Fellin (Viljandi) · Elbing (Elbląg) · Königsberg (Kaliningrad) · Kraków (Cracow) · Reval (Tallinn) · Riga · Stockholm · Thorn (Toruń) · Visby
Rhine, Westphalia, Netherlands circle	Dortmund*† · Bochum · Breckerfeld · Cologne† · Deventer · Duisburg · Groningen · Haltern · Hamm · Hattem · Hasselt · Kampen · Münster · Oldenzaal · Osnabrück · Recklinghausen · Roermond · Soest† · Unna · Werl · Zutphen · Zwolle
Principal Kontore (counting houses)	Bryggen (in Bergen) · Hanzekantoor (in Brugge (Bruges)) · Steelyard (in London) · Peterhof (in Novgorod)
Subsidiary Kontore	Antwerp · Berwick · Boston · Damme · Edinburgh · Hull · Ipswich · King's Lynn · Kaunas · Newcastle · Polotsk · Pskov · Yarmouth · York
* Chief city of its circle     † Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire

v • d • e    Municipalities of Groningen Province
Appingedam · Bedum · Bellingwedde · Delfzijl · Eemsmond · Groningen · Grootegast · Haren · Hoogezand-Sappemeer · Leek · Loppersum · De Marne · Marum · Menterwolde · Pekela · Reiderland · Scheemda · Slochteren · Stadskanaal · Ten Boer · Veendam · Vlagtwedde · Winschoten · Winsum · Zuidhorn
See also: Netherlands · Provinces · Municipalities · map

v • d • e Capital cities of the Netherlands
National Capital Amsterdam Seat of Government The Hague
Drenthe Assen Flevoland Lelystad Friesland Leeuwarden Gelderland Arnhem Groningen Groningen Limburg Maastricht North Brabant 's-Hertogenbosch North Holland Haarlem Overijssel Zwolle South Holland The Hague Utrecht Utrecht Zeeland Middelburg
See also Provinces of the Netherlands, Capital of the Netherlands and List of cities in the Netherlands by province