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The grotesque body is a concept (a literary trope) ideated by Russian literary critic Mikhail Bakhtin in his study of Francois Rabelais' work. The grotesque body is "a figure of unruly biological and social exchange" .[1] Internalizating the grotesque body in his novel, Rabelais recasted political conflicts in the dynamics of human physiology.[2]

It is by means of this analysis that Bakhtin pinpoints two important subtexts: the first is carnival (carnivalesque) which Bakhtin describes as a social institution, and the second is grotesque realism (grotesque body) which is defined as a literary mode. Thus, in Rabelais and His World Bakhtin studies the interaction between the social and the literary, as well as the meaning of the body (Clark and Holquist 297-299).

Italian satirist Daniele Luttazzi explained: "satire exhibits the grotesque body, which is dominated by the primary needs ( eating, drinking, defecating, urinating, fucking ), to celebrate the victory of life: the social and the corporeal are joyfully joint in something indivisible, universal and beneficial".[3]

Bakhtin explained how the grotesque body is a celebration of the cycle of life: the grotesque body is a comic figure of profound ambivalence: its positive meaning is linked to birth/renewal and its negative meaning is linked to decay/death (Bakhtin, 308-317).[4] In Rabelais' epoch (1500-1800) "it was appropriate to ridicule the king and clergy, to use dung and urine to degrade; this was not to just mock, it was to unleash what Bakhtin saw as the people’s power, to renew and regenerate the entire social system. It was the power of the people’s restive-carnival, a way to turn the official spectacle inside-out and upside down, just for a while; long enough to make an impression on the participating official stratum. With the advent of modernity (science, technology, industrial revolution), the mechanistic overtook the organic, and the officialdom no longer came to join in festive-carnival. The bodily lower stratum of humor dualized from the upper stratum." (Boje 2004)

• Heteroglossia
• Carnival
• carnivalesque
• The History of Sexuality by Michel Foucault
• Gilles Deleuze
• Ribaldry, scatology, toilet humour, vulgarism
• Materialism
• Profanity, obscenity, decency, taste (sociology), aesthetic relativism
• Commedia dell'arte, Burlesque, Vaudeville
• Plautus' Amphitruo

• Clark, Katerina, and Michael Holquist. Mikhail Bakhtin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.
• Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World [1941]. Trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
• The series in the original French is entitled La Vie de Gargantua et de Pantagruel. Available English translations include The Complete Works of François Rabelais by Donald M. Frame and Five Books of the Lives, Heroic Deeds and Sayings of Gargantua and Pantagruel, translated by Sir Thomas Urquhart and Pierre Antoine Motteux.
• Se Dio avesse voluto che credessimo in lui, sarebbe esistito. Daniele Luttazzi, 15 november 2006 [5]
• Miller, Paul Allen [6] (Fall 1998). "The Bodily Grotesque in Roman Satire: Images of Sterility". Arethusa 31 (3): 257-283.  [7]
• Christenson, David [8] (Feb. - Mar. 2001). "Grotesque Realism in Plautus' "Amphitruo"". The Classical Journal 96 (3): 243-260. 
• Boje, David M. [9] (March 2004). "Grotesque Method". Proceedings of First International Co-sponsored Conference, Research methods Division, Academy of Management: Crossing Frontiers in Quantitative and Qualitative Research methods. 2: 1085-1114. 
• Koepping, Klaus-Peter [10] (Feb 1985). "Absurdity and Hidden Truth: Cunning Intelligence and Grotesque Body Images as Manifestations of the Trickster". History of Religions 24 (3): 191-214. 
• Fecal Matters in Early Modern Literature and Art: Studies in Scatology. J Persels, R Ganim - 2004 [11] p. xiv

• The Grotesque Corpus
• The Open and Closed Body
• Carnival, Carnivalesque and the Grotesque Body Notes from Sue Vice, Introducing Bakhtin (Manchester University Press, 1997), ch. 4.
• Grotesque Daughters
• [12] [13] [14]
• Rabelais's Carnival
• Wounding Tastes Through Wounded Bodies