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Groundhog Day or Groundhog's Day is a traditional festival celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2. It was originally a cross-quarter day, midway between the Winter Solstice and the Vernal Equinox. However, before the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar, precession caused the cross-quarter day to drift to a later date. Groundhog day now falls four days before the cross-quarter day.

In traditional weather lore, if a groundhog emerges from its burrow on this day and fails to see its shadow because the weather is cloudy, winter will soon end. If the groundhog sees its shadow because the weather is bright and clear, it will be frightened and run back into its hole, and the winter will continue for six more weeks.

Contents 1 History 2 Famous prognosticating groundhogs 3 Past predictions 4 In fiction 5 External links

Around the fifth century, the European Celts believed that animals had certain supernatural powers on special days that were half-way between the Winter Solstice and Spring Equinox.^{[citation needed]} Folklore from Germany and France indicated that when marmots and bears came out of their winter dens too early, they were frightened by their shadow and retreated back inside for four to six weeks.^{[citation needed]}

The earliest known American reference to Groundhog Day can be found at the Historical Society of Berks County in Reading, Pennsylvania. The reference was made Feb. 4, 1841 in Morgantown, Berks County, Pennsylvania storekeeper James Morris' diary: "Last Tuesday, the 2nd, was Candlemas day, the day on which, according to the Germans, the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap, but if the day be cloudy he remains out, as the weather is to be moderate."

In the U.S. the tradition derives from a Scottish poem:

As the light grows longer

The cold grows stronger

If Candlemas be fair and bright

Winter will have another flight

If Candlemas be cloud and rain

Winter will be gone and not come again

A farmer should on Candlemas day

Have half his corn and half his hay

On Candlemas day if thorns hang a drop

You can be sure of a good pea crop

This tradition also stems from similar beliefs associated with Candlemas Day [1] and Groundhog Day. Candlemas, also known as the Purification of the Virgin or the Presentation, coincides with the earlier pagan observance Imbolc.

An alternate theory as to the origins of groundhog day dates back to Native American rituals. Many ancient tribes believed that unless a man's life is paid for by another man's, the majesty of the the ancient nature gods cannot be appeased and weather divination cannot occur. The usual chosen vessel for sacrifice was the portliest, most well-fed member of the tribe who would be ritually fed during the lean winter months with the choicest foods. They believed that the execution of such a portly person would be more pleasing to the immortal gods, who would then grant them the boon of a short winter; which is similar to the biblical tradition of sacrificing a fat lamb or oxen.

The victims neck would be cut and as he died the shaman would ask if he could see his own shadow, and if he saw his shadow, it meant the gods were displeased with the victim and winter would continue for another 3 moons. If he did not see his shadow it meant he was ready to join the gods and winter would be short, giving rise to a long planting and hunting season.

With the arrival of European explorers and settlers, and the conversion of many tribes into Christinanity, the practice of human sacrifice was predictably frowned upon. In time a fat groundhog came to be sacrificed, with the shaman using his empathic skills to determine if the creature could see its own shadow. By the late 19th century and the rise of the Victorian animal cruelty movement, groundhogs themselves were no longer allowed to be sacrificed and the entire ritual was turned into a secular tourist attraction which in Canada came to reside in Wiarton and in the United States, in Punxsutawney.

In western countries in the Northern Hemisphere the official first day of Spring is about six weeks after Groundhog Day, on March 20 or 21. About 1,000 years ago, before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar when the date of the equinox drifted in the Julian calendar, the spring equinox fell on March 16 instead. This was exactly six weeks after February 2. Assuming that the equinox marked the first day of spring in certain medieval cultures, as it does now in western countries, Groundhog Day occurred exactly six weeks before spring. Therefore, if the groundhog saw his shadow on Groundhog Day there would be six more weeks of winter. If he didn't, there would be 42 more days of winter. In other words, the Groundhog Day tradition may have begun as a bit of folk humor.

Alternatively, the custom could have been a folk embodiment of the confusion created by the collision of two calendrical systems. Some ancient traditions marked the change of season at cross-quarter days such as Imbolc when daylight first makes significant progress against the night. Other traditions held that Spring did not begin until the length of daylight overtook night at the Vernal Equinox. So an arbiter, the groundhog / hedgehog, was incorporated as a yearly custom to settle the two traditions. Sometimes Spring begins at Imbolc, and sometimes Winter lasts 6 more weeks until the Equinox.]]

• Punxsutawney Phil found in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
• Wiarton Willie found in Wiarton, Ontario
• Staten Island Chuck found in New York City, New York
• General Beauregard Lee, PhD found in Atlanta, Georgia
• Malverne Mel and Malverne Melissa found in Malverne, New York
• Brandon Bob of Brandon, Manitoba
• Balzac Billy of Balzac, Alberta
• Shubenacadie Sam of Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia
• Gary the Groundhog of Kleinburg, Ontario
• Spanish Joe of Spanish, Ontario
• Sir Walter Wally of Raleigh, North Carolina
• Pardon Me Pete of Tampa, Florida
• Jimmy the Groundhog of Sun Prairie, Wisconsin
• Octoraro Orphie of Quarryville, Pennsylvania

• Profile of many other prognosticating groundhogs

• 2007
  • 6 more weeks of winter — Jimmy the Groundhog, Holtsville Hal, Dunkirk Dave
  • Early Spring — Punxsutawney Phil, Staten Island Chuck, Wiarton Willie, Shubenacadie Sam and General Beauregard Lee of Georgia, Malverne Mel, Buckeye Chuck, Spanish Joe, Sir Walter Wally
• 2006
  • 6 more weeks of winter — Dunkirk Dave, Punxsutawney Phil, Buckeye Chuck
  • Early Spring — Spanish Joe, Wiarton Willie, General Beauregard Lee, Staten Island Chuck, Shubenacadie Sam, Jimmy the Groundhog, Malverne Mel, French Creek Freddie
• 2005
  • 6 more weeks of winter — Dunkirk Dave, Punxsutawney Phil, Shubenacadie Sam, Spanish Joe, Octorara Orphie, Malverne Mel
  • Early Spring — Wiarton Willie, Jimmy the Groundhog, General Beauregard Lee, Balzac Billy, Staten Island Chuck
• 2004
  • 6 more weeks of winter — Punxsutawney Phil, Dunkirk Dave, Wiarton Willie, Spanish Joe, Balzac Billy, General Beauregard Lee, Malverne Mel
• 2003
  • 6 more weeks of winter — Punxsutawney Phil
  • Early Spring — Dunkirk Dave, Spanish Joe
• 2002
  • 6 more weeks of winter — Dunkirk Dave, Punxsutawney Phil
  • Early Spring — Spanish Joe
• 2001
  • 6 more weeks of winter — Punxsutawney Phil
  • Early Spring — Dunkirk Dave, Spanish Joe
• 2000
  • 6 more weeks of winter — Punxsutawney Phil
  • Early Spring — Spanish Joe
• 1999
  • Early Spring — Punxsutawney Phil, Spanish Joe

The average groundhog has an average accuracy rate of 28%.^{[citation needed]}

• At the end of Disney's 1930 Silly Symphony Winter, a Mr. Groundhog the Weather Prophet comes out of his hole to determine whether or not there will be more winter. At first, he does not see his shadow, but the clouds clear and his shadow appears, causing him to run back inside. At this point, the winds picks up again and winter continues.

• In the 1979 Rankin-Bass Christmas TV special Jack Frost, a crucial plot point in the story involves Jack casting his own shadow on Groundhog Day for six more weeks of winter. At the end of the story it is revealed that the narrator (voiced by Buddy Hackett) is the groundhog.

• The 1993 comedy movie Groundhog Day takes place in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania on this day (although the majority of the movie was actually filmed in Woodstock, Illinois). The main character (played by Bill Murray) is forced to relive the day over and over again until he can learn to give up his selfishness and become a better person. The movie consistently rates among the IMDB's Top 250 movies as voted by users.

• On January 9 2006, the Pennsylvania Tourism Office presented installments of the Groundhog 202 film series, a Groundhog Day promotion that played off The Shining. The film shows what happens when the groundhog, stuck inside for 364 days, goes mad with cabin fever.

• On January 11 2007, the Pennsylvania Tourism Office presented installments of the Groundhog Crossing film series, a Groundhog Day promotion that depicted the departure of the Shadow from his friend the Groundhog in an attempt to stop the cycle of winter predictions.

• History of Groundhog Day
• Groundhog Day History
• Groundhog Day and Gardening A gardener's reflections on Groundhog Day.
• Collection of links to websites about Groundhog Day
• A Collection of Groundhog Crossing Videos Pennsylvania's most famous groundhog, Punxsutawney Phil crosses America