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Growth differentiation factor-9
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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growth differentiation factor 9
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| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | GDF9 |
| HUGO | 4224 |
| Entrez | 2661 |
| OMIM | 601918 |
| RefSeq | NM_005260 |
| UniProt | O60383 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 5 q23-5q33.1 |
Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9) is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) superfamily that is expressed in oocytes. GDF9 plays an important role in the development of primary follicles in the ovary.[1] It has a critical role in granulosa cell and theca cell growth, as well as in differentiation and maturation of the oocyte.[2][3]
GDF9 has been connected to differences in ovulation rate[4][5] and in premature cessation of ovary function,[6] therefore has a significant role in fertility.
The cell surface receptor through which GDF9 generates a signal is the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR2).[7][8]
- ^ Juengel J, Bodensteiner K, Heath D, Hudson N, Moeller C, Smith P, Galloway S, Davis G, Sawyer H, McNatty K. "Physiology of GDF9 and BMP15 signalling molecules". Anim Reprod Sci 82-83: 447-60. PMID 15271472.
- ^ Hreinsson J, Scott J, Rasmussen C, Swahn M, Hsueh A, Hovatta O (2002). "Growth differentiation factor-9 promotes the growth, development, and survival of human ovarian follicles in organ culture". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 (1): 316-21. PMID 11788667. link
- ^ Su Y, Wu X, O'Brien M, Pendola F, Denegre J, Matzuk M, Eppig J (2004). "Synergistic roles of BMP15 and GDF9 in the development and function of the oocyte-cumulus cell complex in mice: genetic evidence for an oocyte-granulosa cell regulatory loop". Dev Biol 276 (1): 64-73. PMID 15531364.
- ^ McNatty K, Hudson N, Whiting L, Reader K, Lun S, Western A, Heath D, Smith P, Moore L, Juengel J. "The Effects of Immunizing Sheep with Different BMP15 or GDF9 Peptide Sequences on Ovarian Follicular Activity and Ovulation Rate". Biol Reprod. PMID 17093201.
- ^ Juengel J, Hudson N, Whiting L, McNatty K (2004). "Effects of immunization against bone morphogenetic protein 15 and growth differentiation factor 9 on ovulation rate, fertilization, and pregnancy in ewes". Biol Reprod 70 (3): 557-61. PMID 14585806.
- ^ Kovanci E, Rohozinski J, Simpson J, Heard M, Bishop C, Carson S (2007). "Growth differentiating factor-9 mutations may be associated with premature ovarian failure". Fertil Steril 87 (1): 143-6. PMID 17156781.
- ^ Mazerbourg S, Hsueh A. "Genomic analyses facilitate identification of receptors and signalling pathways for growth differentiation factor 9 and related orphan bone morphogenetic protein/growth differentiation factor ligands". Hum Reprod Update 12 (4): 373-83. PMID 16603567.
- ^ Vitt U, Mazerbourg S, Klein C, Hsueh A (2002). "Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II is a receptor for growth differentiation factor-9". Biol Reprod 67 (2): 473-80. PMID 12135884.
TGF beta superfamily of ligands:
Activin A and B - Anti-müllerian hormone - Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP8a, BMP8b, BMP10 , BMP15) - Growth differentiation factors (GDF1, GDF2, GDF3, GDF5, GDF6, GDF7, GDF9, GDF10, GDF11, GDF15) - Inhibin A and B - Myostatin - Nodal - TGF beta family (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3)
Type II receptors:ACVR2A - ACVR2B - AMHR2 - BMPR2 - TGFBR2 - TGFBR3
Type I receptors: ACVR1A - ACVR1B - ACVR1C - ACVRL1 - BMPR1A - BMPR1B - TGFBR1
Signal transducers/SMAD: R-SMAD (SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD5, SMAD9) - I-SMAD (SMAD6, SMAD7) - SMAD4
Ligand Inhibitors: Cerberus - Chordin - DAN - Decorin - Follistatin - Gremlin - Lefty - LTBP1 - Noggin - THBS1