From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The All Blacks, the international rugby union team of New Zealand, perform a haka (Māori traditional dance) immediately prior to international matches. The Haka is also performed by some other New Zealand national teams, such as the Kiwis (rugby league) and the Tall Blacks (men's basketball).^[1][2] Over the years they have most commonly performed the haka "Ka Mate". In the early decades of international rugby, they sometimes performed other haka,^[3] some of which were composed for specific tours. Since 2005 they have occasionally performed a new haka, "Kapa o Pango."

Contents 1 History 2 "Ka Mate" 2.1 Overview 2.2 Performance 3 "Kapa o Pango" 3.1 Overview 3.2 Performance 4 Controversies 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links

The first New Zealand rugby team to tour overseas, playing eight matches in New South Wales, Australia, in 1884, performed "a Maori war cry" or haka before each of its matches.

During 1888-89, the New Zealand Native team toured the Home Nations of the United Kingdom, the first team from a colony to do so. It was originally intended that only Māori players would be selected, but four "whites" were finally included. As the "whites" were born in New Zealand, the name "Native" was considered justified. The team performed a haka before the start of their first match on 3 October 1888 against Surrey. They were described as using the words "Ake ake kia kaha" which suggests that the haka was not "Ka Mate". It was intended that before each match they would perform the haka dressed in traditional Māori costume but the costumes were soon discarded.

New Zealand played its first full international test match when it played Australia in Sydney in 1903. It has been claimed that the New Zealand team performed a haka which was evidently composed for the occasion, as it addressed the "Wallabies".

In 1905 New Zealand made their first tour of Britain. This was the first time the team were referred to as the All Blacks and this particular team also became known as the 'Originals'. It is uncertain whether they performed a haka before every match, but they at least performed "Ka Mate" before their first test, against Scotland, and before the match against Wales. The Welsh crowd, led by the Welsh team, responded by singing the Welsh national anthem.

When a New Zealand Army team played Wales in 1916, the words of "Ka Mate" were included in the printed programme, indicating that the haka was established as an accompaniment to New Zealand rugby teams playing overseas.

The 1924-25 New Zealand rugby team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada and which was nicknamed the Invincibles, performed a haka that was written for them during the voyage to England by two supporters, Judge Frank Acheson of the Native Land Court and Wiremu Rangi of Gisborne^[4]. The haka was led by star player George Nepia. It was performed before all but two of the tour matches. Reporters criticized the team for disappointing the crowd on the two occasions it was not performed.

A pre-match haka was not always performed on All Blacks tours. The team that toured Britain in 1935-36 did not perform one before matches, although they did some impromptu performances at social functions. In the early decades, haka were only rarely performed at home matches, such as the third test of the 1921 Springboks tour, played in Wellington.

The "Ka Mate" haka arose as a wily plan to defeat the aims of an enemy. Inspired by this, the All Blacks are believed to have first used the "Ka Mate" or "Te Rauparaha" haka in 1906. The origin of this haka dates to 1810 when chief Te Rauparaha of the Ngāti Toa iwi (clan or tribe) was being chased by enemies. In a cunning stratagem, he hid in a food-storage pit under the skirt of a woman. Because this was an unthinkable thing for a chief to do, Te Rauparaha thought he would be safe. He climbed out to find someone standing over him, who, instead of killing Te Rauparaha, turned out to be another chief friendly to Te Rauparaha. In relief Te Rauparaha performed a haka with the words (translated from Māori) —

It is death, it is death: it is life, it is life; this is the man who enabled me to live as I climb up step by step toward sunlight.

These words are still used today. Te Rauparaha's escape from death is commemorated in the haka, which can be interpreted as 'a celebration of life over death' (Pōmare 2006).

The "Ka Mate" haka generally opens with a set of five preparatory instructions shouted by the leader, before the whole team joins in:

"Ka Mate"

Leader:	Ringa pakia!		Slap the hands against the thighs!
	Uma tiraha!		Puff out the chest!
	Turi whatia!		Bend the knees!
	Hope whai ake!		Let the hip follow!
	Waewae takahia kia kino!		Stamp the feet as hard as you can!
Leader:	Ka mate, ka mate		'Tis death, 'tis death (or: I die)
Team:	Ka ora		'Tis life, 'tis life (or: I live)
Leader:	Ka mate, ka mate		'Tis death, 'tis death
Team:	Ka ora		'Tis life, 'tis life
All:	Tēnei te tangata pūhuruhuru		This hairy man
	Nāna nei i tiki mai whakawhiti te rā		...who brought the sun and caused it to shine
	Ā hupane, ka upane		A step upward, another step upward
	Ā hupane, ka upane		A step upward, another step upward
	Whiti te rā, hī!		The sun shines!

Before a Tri Nations match against South Africa on August 28, 2005 at Carisbrook in Dunedin, the All Blacks unexpectedly introduced a new haka, "Kapa o Pango". Written by Derek Lardelli of Ngati Porou, it featured an extended and aggressive introduction by team captain Tana Umaga and was highlighted by its more aggressive climax: each player performing a "throat-slitting" action directed at the opposing team. The All Blacks went on to win the match 31 to 27.

The new haka is said to have been over a year in the making, and was created in consultation with many experts in Māori culture. It will serve as a complement to "Ka Mate" rather than a replacement, to be used for 'special occasions'. The words to "Kapa o Pango" are more specific to the rugby team than "Ka Mate", referring to the warriors in black and the silver fern[1]

The All Blacks opted not to perform "Kapa o Pango" in their opening test of 2006 against Ireland, as it was requested that they perform the traditional haka, as a 'review' was conducted into "Kapa o Pango". The throat-slitting action at the end of "Kapa o Pango" drew many complaints in the lead up to the Irish test, with members of the public complaining about it to the NZRU. The NZRU said that it was not because of public pressure that it was not performed against Ireland.[2] In the run-up to the first All Blacks Test of the 2006 Tri Nations at Jade Stadium in Christchurch against Australia, the NZRU completed their review, and concluded that the "throat-slitting" gesture had a radically different meaning within Māori culture and haka traditions, specifically the drawing of vital energy into the heart and lungs.[3] "Kapa o Pango" was performed, complete with the final gesture, before the Australia test. Despite this, the controversial gesture appears to have been withdrawn in 2007, with a modified action (raking the right arm from the left hip to over the right shoulder) performed in the challenge when "Kapa o Pango" was performed in test matches against France and South Africa.

"Kapa o Pango"

Kapa o Pango kia whakawhenua au i ahau!		All Blacks, let me become one with the land
Hī aue, hī!		do one
Ko Aotearoa e ngunguru nei!		This is our land that rumbles
Au, au, aue hā!		It’s my time! It’s my moment!
Ko Kapa o Pango e ngunguru nei!		This defines us as the All Blacks
Au, au, aue hā!		It’s my time! It’s my moment!
I āhahā!
Ka tū te ihiihi		Our dominance
Ka tū te wanawana		Our supremacy will triumph
Ki runga ki te rangi e tū iho nei, tū iho nei, hī!		And be placed on high
Ponga rā!		Silver fern!
Kapa o Pango, aue hī!		All Blacks!
Ponga rā!		Silver fern!
Kapa o Pango, aue hī, hā!		All Blacks!

The haka, whilst normally enjoyed by spectators, has been criticised as an unsporting attempt to intimidate the opposition before the match begins. However, most teams accept that the Haka is a legitimate part of Rugby's Heritage and face up to the All Blacks during its performance, with both teams standing about 10 metres apart. 2007 Portuguese Rugby Captain Vasco Uva said of the Haka that "[We] faced it, gave it the respect it deserved and it gave us motivation and we knew if it gave them strength, it was also a point of strength for us." ^[5]

Ignoring the Haka is a tactic sometimes used by teams, but famously the Australian Rugby Team did a warm up drill well away from the All Blacks during their 1996 Test Match in Wellington, and were beaten by a record score. More recently, the Italian Rugby Team ignored the Haka during a 2007 World Cup Pool Match, and the All Blacks then went on to beat them by a larger than expected score. All Black hooker Keven Mealamu said later that the snub had backfired and provided motivation to his team.^[6]

In 1997, Richard Cockerill was disciplined for responding to the haka before the start of an England vs All Blacks game. Cockerill went toe-to-toe with his opposite number Norm Hewitt while they performed the Haka. The Referee became so concerned that Hewitt and Cockerill would begin fighting that he pushed Cockerill away from Hewitt. Cockerill went onto say afterwards "I believe that I did the right thing that day," he said. "They were throwing down a challenge and I showed them I was ready to accept it. I'm sure they would rather we did that than walk away."^[7]

At the 1999 Bledisloe Cup match at Telstra Stadium, Sydney, 107,000 voices sang Waltzing Matilda as a response to the New Zealand haka. The Australian players responded by delivering New Zealand a record 28-7 defeat culminating in the cup being retained by Australia.

In 2005, the All Blacks agreed to a request from the Welsh Rugby Union to repeat the sequence of events from the original match a century before in 1905. This involved the All Blacks performing the haka after "God Defend New Zealand" and before "Hen Wlad fy Nhadau". For the November 2006 test, the WRU demanded a repeat of this sequence. The All Blacks refused, and instead chose to perform the haka in their changing room before the match.^[8] All Blacks captain Richie McCaw defended the decision by stating that the haka was "integral to New Zealand culture and the All Blacks' heritage" and "if the other team wants to mess around, we'll just do the haka in the shed".^[9] The crowd reacted negatively to the lack of the haka and then being shown brief footage of the haka on the screens at the Millennium Stadium.^[10]

In the 2007 Rugby World Cup quarter-finals, France, after having won the coin toss for the choice of uniforms, famously wore the blue/white/red of the French flag and walked up to within a metre of the Haka performance, forming a line of patriotic opposition to the performance by the All-Blacks, who were wearing a predominantly silver uniform (as opposed to the traditional all black). France went on to defeat the All-Blacks 20-18.

In December 2006 controversy arose across the Pacific ocean with "Kapa O Pango" being used by the United States NCAA Division I Football team the University of Hawaii Warriors. Senior Offensive Lineman Tala Esera and Safety Leonard Peters both helped teach the team the haka. Esera claims that while he is not of Maori descent, his wife is and says that the haka was shown to him by an in-law.

Esera says that their version of Kapa O Pango is not "step for step" the All Blacks haka (there are indeed small variations of the dance preceding the line "au, au, aue ha!" and during the first part of "Kapa O Pango aue hi"), but there apparently has been no alterations to the chant itself that has been specifically written for the All Blacks. In late 2007, the University of Hawaii Warrior Football team has created their own war dance. The "Haʻa" is strictly in the Hawaiian Language and the movements are original.

In early 2007, the Canterbury women's rugby union team from Kent, England created a minor controversy by performing the haka in near nude.^[11]

• 2006 Kapa O Pango controversy
• All Blacks
• Cibi
• Haka
• Haka in popular culture
• "Ka Mate"
• Kapa haka
• Kailao
• Māori music
• Siva tau

• M. Pōmare, 'Ngāti Toarangatira', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 9-Jun-2006. URL: www.TeAra.govt.nz
• 'The Haka - In the Beginning', New Zealand Rugby Museum.

• The 2003 Schools Kapa Haka Nationals held at Hopuhopu November 28, 29 Nga Whakataetae Kapa Haka o te Motu mo nga Kura Tuatahi, Waikato 2003.
• Lyrics and history of the All Black Haka
• All Blacks Official site on the Haka (with several videos)
• History of the All Black Haka
• Te Rauparaha and "Ka Mate"