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Harley J. Earl (November 22, 1893–April 10, 1969) was an automotive stylist and engineer and industrial designer. He is most famous for his time at General Motors from 1927 until 1959, where he was the first Vice President of Design.

Contents 1 Early life 2 With General Motors 2.1 Employment by General Motors 2.2 Buick Y-Job 2.3 Tailfins 2.4 Corvette 2.5 Succession 3 Death and Legacy 4 References

Harley Earl was born in Hollywood, California.^[1] His father, J. W. Earl, began work as a coachbuilder in 1889. The senior Earl eventually changed his practice from horse-drawn vehicles to custom bodies and customized parts and accessories for automobiles, founding Earl Automobile Works in 1908.^[1][2]

Earl began studies at Stanford University, but left prematurely to work with, and learn from, his father at Earl Automotive Works. By this time, the shop was building custom bodies for Hollywood movie stars, including Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle and Tom Mix..^[1][2].

Earl Automotive Works was bought by Cadillac dealer Don Lee, who kept Harley Earl as director of its custom body shop.^[3]

Lawrence P. Fisher, general manager of the Cadillac division, was visiting Cadillac dealers and distributors around the country, including Lee. Fisher met Earl at Lee's dealership and observed him at work. Fisher, whose automotive career began with coachbuilder Fisher Body, was impressed with Earl's designs and methods, inculding the use of modelling clay to develop the forms of his designs.^[3]

Fisher commissioned Earl to design the 1927 LaSalle for Cadillac's companion marque. The success of the LaSalle convinced General Motors president Alfred P. Sloan to create the Art and Color Division of General Motors, and to name Earl as its first director.^[2]

Prior to the establishment of the Art and Color Division, automobile manufacturers did not consider the appearance of automobile bodies. Volume manufacturers built bodies designed by engineers guided only by functionality and cost. Luxury manufacturers did not make bodies at all; they would shipped the unbodied assembly to the coachbuilder of the buyer's choice.

In 1937, the Art and Color Division was renamed the Styling Division.^[4]

In 1939, the Styling Division, under Earl's instruction, styled and built the Buick Y-Job, the motor industry's first concept car. While many one-off custom automobiles had been made before, the Y-job was the first car built by a mass manufacturer for the sole purpose of determining the public's reaction to new design ideas. After being shown to the public, the Y-job became Earl's daily driver.^[5]

Harley Earl authorized the Frank Hershey design for the 1948 Cadillac, which incorporated the first automotive tailfins.^[6] Inspiration for the fins came from the Lockheed P-38 Lightning.^[1][7]. The style caught on throughout Detroit and eventually led to competition between Earl and Virgil Exner over the size and complexity of tailfins, culminating with those on the 1959 Cadillac.

Influenced by the English and European sports cars being raced on road-racing circuits after World War II, Earl decided that General Motors needed to make a sports car. Design work on "Project Opel" began as a secret project. He first offered the project to Chevrolet general manager Ed Cole. Cole accepted the project without hesitation, and the car was offered to the public in 1953 as the Chevrolet Corvette.^[8]

Harley Earl retired from General Motors in 1958 after overseeing the design of the 1959 models. He was succeeded as vice-president with responsibility for the Design and Styling Department by Bill Mitchell, under whose leadership GM design became less ornamental.

Harley Earl suffered a stroke and died in West Palm Beach, Florida, on April 10, 1969. He was 75 years old.^[1]

He is remembered as the first styling chief in the United States automobile industry, the originator of clay modelling of automotive designs, the wraparound windshield, the hardtop sedan, factory two-tone paint, and tailfins.

One of his concept car designs, the turbine-powered Firebird I, is reproduced in miniature on the The Harley J. Earl Daytona 500 Trophy, which goes to the winner of that season-opening NASCAR race.

Harley Earl was used in a brief advertising campaign for Buick, particularly during its reconstruction period between 2001 and 2002. An actor portraying Earl (or his ghost) was used to symbolize the importance of design in Buick's cars, or as the ads put it, the "Spirit of American Style". Earl's trademark fedora was often used as an icon in these advertisements.^[4]