From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Historical GIS is a Geographical Information System that may display, store and analyze data of past geographies and track changes in time. It can be regarded as a subfield of Historical geography and Geographical Information Science.

GIS was originally developed for use in environmental sciences, military and and for computer assisted cartography. The tools developed for these uses are ill suited for the features of historical data.

Contents 1 Techniques used in HGIS 2 Notable Historical GIS projects 3 Software or web services developed for Historical GIS 4 See also 5 Literature 6 Notes

• Digitization and georeferencing of historical maps. Old maps may contain valuable information about the past. By adding coordinates to such maps, they may be added as a feature layer to modern GIS data. This facilitates comparison of different map layers showing the geography at different times. The maps may be further enhanced by techniques such as rubber-sheeting, which spatially warps the data to fit with more accurate modern maps.
• Reconstruction of past boundaries. By creating polygons of former administrative sub-divisions and borders, aggregate statistics can be made compared though time.
• Georeferencing of historical microdata (such as census or parish records). This enables the use of spatial analysis to historical data.

• Great Britain Historical GIS, A GIS enabled database documenting and mapping all changes in administrative boundaries in England and Wales in the past 200 years. Created and maintained by the University of Portsmouth.
• China Historical GIS similar project for Imperial China developed by the universities of Harvard and Fudan, China.
• David Rumsey Historical Map Collection, one of the world's largest map collections, which has digitized and georeferenced a large part of its collection and published it on the internet.
• Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI) a clearinghouse for the exchange of metadata of Historical GIS. Maintained by the University of California, Berkeley.
• HGIS Germany Institute of European History (University of Mainz) and Institute i3mainz at the University of Applied Sciences ^[1]
• Belgian Historical GIS tracks the development of administrative boundaries in Belgium since 1800. Developed by the University of Ghent^[2]
• The National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS) system for displaying and analyzing Census tracts and tract changes in the US.

• TimeMap a java open source applet (or program) for browsing spatial-temporal data and ECAI data sets^[3] Developed by the department of archaeology Univeristy of Sydney.
• Version 4+ of Google Earth added a time line feature that enables simple temporal browsing of spatial data^[4]

• GIS in archaeology

• Anne Kelly Knowles: Past Time, Past Place: GIS for history A collection of twelve case studies on the use of GIS in historical research and education. ESRI press 2002 ISBN 1589480325
• Ian Gregory: A place in History A short introduction to HGIS by the lead developers of GBHGIS ISSN 1463-5194
• Feature edition of Historical GIS in the journal Social Science History 24 2000, Introduction by Anne Kelly Knowles.

1. ^ HGIS Germany (in German)
2. ^ Web site for the Belgian Historical GIS
3. ^ Project homepage
4. ^ Announcement of the featureat the Google Earth blog