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Historical reenactment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Historical reenactment is a type of roleplay in which participants attempt to recreate some aspects of a historical event or period. It may be a narrowly-defined period, such as a specific war or other event, or it may be more broadly defined.
Activities related to "reenactment" are not new. Tournaments in the Middle Ages had Roman or other earlier themes (while the Romans themselves staged recreations of famous battles within their amphitheaters as a form of public spectacle), and the Victorians recreated medieval furnishings such as tapestries. However, historical reenactment in pursuit of practical historical interest, beyond merely re-inventing history as an entertainment to suit contemporary convenience or sensibilities, seems to be an invention of the 20th century.
The term living history describes attempts to bring history to life for the general public. Historical reenactment includes a continuum from well researched attempts to recreate a known historical event for educational purposes, through representations with theatrical elements, to competitive events for purposes of entertainment, which might be considered a form of live-action role-playing within a historical context. The line between Historical reenactments and presentations at living history museums can be blurred as, while the latter routinely utilize museum professionals and trained interpreters to help convey the story of history to the public, some museums and historic sites employ re-enactment groups with high standards of authenticity for the same role at special events.
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Most groups and individuals who are dedicated to reenactment are amateurs who pursue reenactment as a hobby. Participants within this hobby are extremely diverse. The ages of participants range from young children whose parents bring them along to events, to the elderly. Among adult participants, people from all different walks of life can be found - college students, firemen, lawyers, members of the armed forces, doctors, and even professional historians.[1]
The period of an event is the range of dates . See authenticity (reenactment) for a discussion of how the period affects the types of costume, weapons, and armour used.
Popular periods to reenact include:
- Napoleonic reenactment
- Ancient reenactment
- Dark Ages reenactment
- Early Medieval reenactment
- High Medieval reenactment
- Jousting tournaments from the Middle Ages
- Burgundian Wars of Charles the Bold have been made popular as a reenactment period by groups like the Company of St. George etc.
- Renaissance reenactment
- The English Civil War
- The The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its great wars.
- The Fur Trade is reenacted by many in North America at events known as "Rendezvous."
- The French and Indian War is becoming popular in the United States and Canada, with many American Revolutionary War[2] reenactors also having a secondary portrayal and unit in this period.
- Military units and battles of the American Revolutionary War[3] are popular across North America
- The Reign of the Knights of St. John
- Napoleonic reenactment battles
- The English Regency
- War of 1812
- The Franco-Prussian War
- American Civil War reenactment
- Wild West themes and Cowboy action shooting
- The Crimean War
- Late Victorian
- World War I
- World War II
- Korean War Reenactment,
- Vietnam War Reenactment, and
- Modern reenactment
Small cottage industries abound that provide not only the materials but even the finished product for use by re-enactors. Uniforms and clothing made of hand woven, natural dyed materials are hand-sewn (or machine-sewn, as the case might be) using the sartorial techniques of the period portrayed. The same holds true for headgear, footwear, camp gear, accoutrements, military equipment, weapons and so on. These items, which are generally much more expensive than clothing and uniform in modern production, offer the wearer an actual life like experience in the use of these materials, authentic tailoring techniques, and manufacture.
Also, it is hoped that spectators will have a better experience when attending an event in which a high level of authenticity is attained in both individual clothing and equipment, as well as equipment used in camp.
Experimental archaeology is an important part of many authentic living history events, where crafts and techniques are evaluated to see whether they make sense in the appropriate historical setting. For example, various combinations of armour can be tried to see if an item for which no historical evidence exists is actually easy to make with the tools available and practical to use in the battles of the time.
There are a number of locations which have set up a permanent authentic displays:
- Butser Ancient Farm
- Colonial Spanish Quarter Living History Museum- in Saint Augustine, Florida.
- Colonial Williamsburg
- Cosmeston Medieval Village
- Greenfield Village
- Plimoth Plantation
- The Spanish Military Hospital Museum- in Saint Augustine, Florida
- Little Bighorn National Monument-Reenactment is known as Custer's Last Stand Reenactment in Crow Agency Montana.
- Kentwell Hall in Long Melford, Suffolk, England. Tudor reenactment events throughout the year (also a WWII weekend).
Technically, creative history and fantasy events should not be listed along with historical re-enactments, as these types of events allow clothing and equipment that is not historically correct (for example, Polyester clothing for a setting in the Middle Ages), or that may have no basis in history whatsoever (Fantasy groups). The purpose of re-enactment is the authentic recreation of a period, not merely playing "dress up" in "clothing that kinda looks historic".
Reenactment groups follow a very loose interpretation of history (sometimes mixing equipment from closely related periods or often just the use of inauthentic materials: e.g. cotton clothes in a medieval setting), some groups go a step further and mix historical elements with elements of the Fantasy genre or incorporate modern technology or culture into a historical setting (often simply reducing the level of authenticity for increased safety or reduced costs, eg. making melee weapons out of rubber or plastic rather than iron or steel).
A common example for this variation on the theme is the Society for Creative Anachronism and Renaissance Faires, which blend medievalish customs, dress, and activities within historically inspired fantasy kingdoms.
However many Renaissance Faires have begun to rein in the fantasy elements and have a more historical feel.
Many castles, museums, and other historical tourist attractions employ actors or professional reenactors as part of the experience. These usually address the recreation of a specific town, village, or activity within a certain time frame. Commercial reenactment shows are usually choreographed and follow a script.
Over the years, there have been a number of publications devoted to covering the subjects of historical reenactment and its close cousin, living history. These have included the Camp Chase Gazette and, at various times, two different magazines named Living History (the most recent of which last appeared in 1997 and was published by Great Oak Inc. and edited by history author Michael J. Varhola).
Another popular book is The Medieval Soldier by Gerry Embleton and John Howe, 1995. It has been translated to French and German. It was later followed by Medieval Military Costume in Colour Photographs.
For the Napoleonic Period there are 2 books of interest that cover life in the military at that time and Living History; "The Napoleonic Soldier" by Stephen E. Maughan, 1999 and "Marching with Sharpe" by B.J. Bluth,2001. The various Napoleonic re-enactment groups, some of whom are listed in the External Links below, now cover the history of their associated regiment as well as try to describe and illustrate how they approach recreating the period. The aim to be as authentic as is possible from the various source materials has led many serious re-enactment societies to set up their own research groups to verify their understanding of the uniforms, drill and all aspects of the life that they strive to portray. In this way re-enactment plays a vital role in bringing history to life, keeping history alive and in expanding the knowledge and understanding of the period.
Skirmish Magazine, edited by long time Living Historian Rachel C Evans, covers all periods of world history from the last 4000 years. Aimed at re-enactors and living historians, it provides articles on topics including living history, re-enactment, historical essays and archeology from leading living historians and historians such as Dan Snow, Tony Pollard and Jonathan Davies. The Advisory Board includes high profile re-enactors including Jonathan Egglestone and Trevor Poole.
Motion picture and television producers often turn to re-enactment groups for support; films like Gettysburg and Glory benefited greatly from the input of reenactors, who arrived on set fully equipped and steeped in knowledge of military procedures, camp life, and tactics.[1]
In a documentary about the making of the film Gettysburg, actor Sam Elliott, who portrayed Union General John Buford in the film, said of reenactors:
| “ | I think we're really fortunate to have those people involved. In fact, they couldn't be making this picture without them; there's no question about that. These guys come with their wardrobe, they come with their weaponry. They come with all the accoutrements, but they also come with the stuff in their head and the stuff in their heart. | ” |
Reenactors are sometimes looked on with suspicion, particularly by military veterans, but also by elements of the general public. It is often difficult for veterans or the public to understand why reenactors do what they do, or there may be questions as to the motivation, or the knowledge of the reenactors.
Common criticisms revolve around motivation, as well as concerns about the level of immersion found in some arenas, notably those involving 20th Century conflicts where combatants had stricter regulations regarding personal grooming.[3] The average age of reenactors is also generally far higher than the average age of soldiers in most conflicts. Few reenactment units discriminate, however, based on age and physical condition.[4] However, there has been criticism about the exclusion of women from some American Civil War combat reenactment units. While there were a small handful of women who may have fought in the conflict, almost all of them did so disguised as men. Attitudes on this topic seem to vary widely. [5]
A final concern mentioned by Thompson's book is the "fantasy farb", or tendency of reenactors to gravitate towards "elite" units such as commandos, paratroopers, or Waffen-SS units resulting in an under-representation in the re-enactment community of what were the most common types of military troops in the period being re-enacted. This is largely drawn from an North American perspective, although there are parallel issues on the European scene, such as the tendency in Britain for Napoleonic War re-enactors to perform as members of the Rifle Brigade (perhaps due to the popularity of Sharpe). In the UK there are multi-period events such as 'History in Action' where groups get to look at each other's appearance and performances as well as perform for the general public.
There is certainly much criticism from within reenactment organisations as to meritocracy, leadership and so-on. On the whole reenactors could be guilty of projecting their own, present-minded attitudes onto their historical alter egos.
- reenacting.eu International website of living history. All periods.
- The Historical Reenactment Web Site Huge site for information relating to reenactment gobally.
- Historical Reenactment is a list of reenactment links
- ^ Details may be found in the "making of" featurettes on the DVD versions of both films.
- ^ This documentary can be found on the DVD of the film Gettysburg.
- ^ Thompson, Jenny. Wargames: Inside the World of 20th Century Reenactors (Smithsonian Books, Washington, 2004). ISBN 1-58834-128-3
- ^ Thompson, op.cit.
- ^ Women Military Reenactor's Homepage