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Sir Hugh Dowding
24 April 1882–15 February 1970
Sir Hugh Dowding
Nickname	Stuffy
Place of birth	Moffat, Scotland
Place of death	Royal Tunbridge Wells, England (aged 87)
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	Royal Air Force
Years of service	1900–1942
Rank	Air Chief Marshal
Commands	16 Squadron (1915–1916) RAF Fighter Command (1936–1940)
Battles/wars	First World War, Second World War

Air Chief Marshal Hugh Caswell Tremenheere Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding GCB GCVO CMG, (24 April 1882 - 15 February 1970) was a British officer in the Royal Air Force. He was the commander of RAF Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Air Marshal 2.2 Ministry of Aircraft Production 3 Retirement 4 Interests 5 Battle of Britain film 6 Death 7 Memorials 8 References 9 External links 10 See also

Dowding was born in Moffat, Scotland. He was educated at Winchester College and at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and later served abroad in the Royal Artillery.

After obtaining his pilot's licence in December 1913, he joined the Royal Flying Corps (RFC). He was sent to France and in 1915 was promoted to commander of 16 Squadron. After the Battle of the Somme, Dowding clashed with General Hugh Trenchard, the commander of the RFC, over the need to rest pilots exhausted by non-stop duty. As a result Dowding was sent back to Britain and although promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General, saw no more active service during the First World War.

Dowding now joined the recently created Royal Air Force and gained experience in departments of training, supply, development and research. In 1929 he was promoted to Air Vice Marshal and the following year joined the Air Council. Tragedy struck in the inter-war period when his wife of two years died. Left alone to bring up his son, Derek, Hugh Dowding withdrew from socialising and threw himself into his work.

In 1933 Dowding was promoted to Air Marshal and was knighted the following year. In the years prior to the Second World War he was the commanding officer of the RAF's Fighter Command and oversaw development of the "Dowding System" – an integrated air defence system of radar, raid plotting and radio control of aircraft. He also introduced modern aircraft into service such as the eight-gun Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane.

Due to retire in June 1939, he was asked to stay on until March 1940 due to the tense international situation. He was again grudgingly permitted to continue, first until July and finally until October 1940. Thus, he fought the Battle of Britain under the shadow of retirement.

In 1940, Dowding, nicknamed "Stuffy" by his men, proved unwilling to sacrifice aircraft and pilots in the attempt to aid Allied troops during the Battle of France. He, along with his immediate superior Sir Cyril Newall, then Chief of the Air Staff, resisted repeated requests from Winston Churchill to weaken the home defence by sending precious squadrons to France. When the Allied resistance collapsed, he worked closely with Air Vice-Marshal Keith Park, the commander of 11 Fighter Group, in organizing cover for the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force at Dunkirk.

Through the summer of 1940 in the Battle of Britain, Dowding's Fighter Command resisted the attacks of the Luftwaffe. Aside from the system he bequeathed to Fighter Command, his major contribution was to marshal resources behind the scenes and maintain a significant fighter reserve, while leaving his subordinate commanders' hands free to run the battle. At no point did Dowding commit more than half his force to the battle zone in southern England.

Fighter Command pilots came to recognise Dowding as a distant figure, but one who cared for his men and had their best interests at heart. Dowding often referred to his "dear fighter boys" as his "chicks". Indeed his son Derek was one of them: a pilot in 74 Squadron. In spite of his reserve many junior officers regarded "Stuffy" as a fatherly figure with a steady hand on the tiller.

Because of his preparation and prudence "Stuffy" Dowding was credited with winning the battle and was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. However, his prickly temperament and intransigence over issues such as the Big Wing controversy, as well as Fighter Command's inability to counter night raids, contributed to his downfall. The new Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Charles Portal removed Dowding from his post in November 1940 and replaced him with his ambitious rival, Sholto Douglas.

Publication of Dowding's book, "Twelve Legions of Angels", was suppressed in 1942. The British Government considered that it contained information which might be of use to the Germans. The book was finally published in 1946, soon after the war ended.

After leaving Fighter Command Dowding was sent on special duty in the United States for the Ministry of Aircraft Production, where he made himself unpopular with his outspoken behaviour. On his return he headed a study into economies of RAF manpower before retiring from the Royal Air Force in July, 1942. The following year he was honoured with a peerage, as Baron Dowding of Bentley Priory.

In his retirement Dowding became actively interested in spiritualism, both as a writer and speaker. His first book on the subject, Many Mansions, was written in 1943, followed by Lychgate (1945), The Dark Star and God's Magic. Rejecting conventional Christianity he joined the Theosophical Society which advocated belief in reincarnation. He insisted to his friend Lord Beaverbrook that he had been the leader of a Mongol tribe in a previous life. He also espoused the cause of animal welfare. An evangelist with a belief in life after death he wrote in Lychgate of meeting dead 'RAF boys' in his sleep -- spirits who flew fighters from mountain-top runways made of light. One of his former pilots was to comment years later: "at that stage we thought Stuffy had gone a bit ga ga".

Late in life Dowding's belief that he was unjustly treated by the RAF became increasingly bitter. He approved Robert Wright's book Dowding and the Battle of Britain which perpetuated the claim that a conspiracy of Big Wing proponents, including Trafford Leigh-Mallory and Douglas Bader, had engineered his sacking from Fighter Command. In the wake of the debate that followed, which largely refuted the Wright accusations and showed Dowding's recollections to be at fault, the RAF debated whether or not to make the octogenarian a Marshal of the Royal Air Force, but recommended against it. Dowding saw this as yet another undeserved slight from the service.

In his youth Dowding was an accomplished skier, winner of the first ever National Slalom Championship, and president of the Ski Club of Great Britain from 1924 to 1925. Dowding and his wife Lady Muriel Dowding were both vegetarians and anti-vivisectionists. In 1973 Britain's National Anti-Vivisection Society founded The Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research in his honour.

In the 1969 film of the Battle of Britain, Dowding was played by legendary actor Laurence Olivier. Olivier had himself served as a pilot in the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm during World War II.

During filming, Dowding (then in a wheelchair) met Olivier on the set of his old office. Olivier told Dowding he had been sat behind the desk all day "pretending to be you" and was "making an awful mess of it too", to which Dowding replied "Oh I'm sure you are". This broke the crew and Olivier into laughter.

Footage of this can be seen in the special features section of the film's Special Edition DVD

Dowding died at his home in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, on 15 February 1970. He was cremated. At a memorial service at Westminster Abbey, his ashes were laid to rest below the Battle of Britain Memorial Window in the Abbey's Royal Air Force chapel.

A statue of Dowding stands outside St Clement Danes church on The Strand, London. The inscription reads:

'Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding was commander-in-chief of Fighter Command, Royal Air Force, from its formation in 1936 until November 1940. He was thus responsible for the preparation for and the conduct of the Battle of Britain. With remarkable foresight, he ensured the equipment of his command with monoplane fighters, the Hurricane and the Spitfire. He was among the first to appreciate the vital importance of R.D.F. (radar) and an effective command and control system for his squadrons. They were ready when war came. In the preliminary stages of that war, he thoroughly trained his minimal forces and conserved them against strong political pressure to disperse and misuse them. His wise and prudent judgement and leadership helped to ensure victory against overwhelming odds and thus prevented the loss of the Battle of Britain and probably the whole war. To him, the people of Britain and of the Free World owe largely the way of life and the liberties they enjoy today.'

Other monuments to Dowding can be found in the recreational park in Moffat, the town of his birth; in Royal Tunbridge Wells where he died, and there is a bust of him in the War Memorial Cloisters at Winchester College.

The Dowding Centre at the School of Fighter Control at RAF Boulmer is named for Dowding.^[1]

Notes

Bibliography

• Battle of Britain in the Words of Air Chief Marshall Hugh Dowding
• Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation - Air Chief Marshal Dowding

• British military history
• UK topics

Military offices
Preceded by Unknown	Officer Commanding 1 Group 1920–1922	Succeeded by E L Gerrard
New title Command established	Commander-in-Chief Fighter Command 1936–1940	Succeeded by Sir Sholto Douglas
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New title Title created	Baron Dowding 1943–1970	Succeeded by Derek Dowding

v • d • e Aerial Defence of the United Kingdom during World War II
Overview Documents
Royal Air Force | Royal Canadian Air Force | Strategic bombing | Night fighter
Prominent People
Air Marshal Hugh Dowding | Sir Charles Portal | Cyril Newall
Trafford Leigh-Mallory | Keith Park | R V Jones
Organization and units
No. 10 Group RAF | No. 11 Group RAF RAF Fighter Command | RAF Balloon Command | AA Command Women's Auxiliary Air Force | Royal Observer Corps | Eagle Squadrons
Campaigns and Operations
Kanalkampf | Battle of Britain | The Blitz | Baedeker raids | Operation Crossbow
Aircraft, Technology and Tactics
Hurricane | Spitfire | Bolton-Paul Defiant | Mosquito NF | Bristol Beaufighter | Hawker Tempest | Gloster Meteor
Chain Home | AI radar | "Battle of the Beams" | Barrage balloon | German V weapons
Big Wing
Other
RAF strategic bombing offensive | USAAF | Lutwaffe in WW2 | Hermann Göring