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Human Poverty Index
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Human Poverty Index is an indication of the standard of living in a country, developed by the United Nations (UN). For high development countries, the UN considers this a better indicator than the Human Development Index[1].
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The Human Development Reports website summarizes this as "A composite index measuring deprivations in the three basic dimensions captured in the human development index — a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living." The formula for calculating it is:
- HPI-1 =
![\left[\frac{1} {3}\left(P_1^\alpha+P_2^\alpha+P_3^\alpha\right)\right]^{\frac{1} {\alpha}}](../../../math/3/7/8/37802b2ee587e4f8260a0e23f2f519d1.png)
P1: Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (times 100)
P2: Adult illiteracy rate
P3: Unweighted average of population without sustainable acces to an improved water source and children under weight for age
α: 3
The Human Development Reports website summarizes this as "A composite index measuring deprivations in the three basic dimensions captured in the human development index — a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living — and also capturing social exclusion." The formula for calculating it is:
- HPI-2 =
![\left[\frac{1} {4}\left(P_1^\alpha+P_2^\alpha+P_3^\alpha+P_4^\alpha\right)\right]^{\frac{1} {\alpha}}](../../../math/1/8/a/18ac54a973b373b28527f1437ad3fdc9.png)
P1: Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (times 100)
P2: Adults lacking functional literacy skills
P3: Population below income poverty line (50% of median adjusted household disposable income)
P4: Rate of long-term unemployment (lasting 12 months or more)
α: 3
The last report, 2006, only has a ranking for 18 of the 21 countries with the highest Human Development Index. The ranking is as follows (with the country with the lowest amount of poverty at the top):
| Ranking | Country | HPI-2 | Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (%) | People lacking functional literacy skills (%) | Long-term unemployment (%) | Population below 50% of median income (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sweden | 6.5 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 1.0 | 6.5 |
| 2 | Norway | 7.0 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 0.4 | 6.4 |
| 3 | Netherlands | 8.2 | 8.7 | 10.5 | 2.5 | 7.3 |
| 4 | Finland | 8.2 | 9.7 | 10.4 | 2.1 | 5.4 |
| 5 | Denmark | 8.4 | 10.4 | 9.6 | 1.3 | - |
| 6 | Germany | 10.3 | 8.8 | 14.4 | 5.0 | 8.3 |
| 7 | Switzerland | 10.7 | 7.8 | 15.9 | 1.6 | 7.6 |
| 8 | Canada | 10.9 | 8.1 | 14.6 | 0.7 | 11.4 |
| 9 | Luxembourg | 11.1 | 9.7 | - | 1.2 | 6.0 |
| 10 | France | 11.4 | 9.8 | - | 4.3 | 8.0 |
| 11 | Japan | 11.7 | 7.1 | - | 1.5 | 11.8 |
| 12 | Belgium | 12.4 | 9.4 | 18.4 | 4.3 | 8.0 |
| 13 | Spain | 12.6 | 8.7 | - | 3.0 | 14.3 |
| 14 | Australia | 12.8 | 7.7 | 17.0 | 0.9 | 14.3 |
| 15 | United Kingdom | 14.8 | 8.7 | 21.8 | 1.1 | 12.4 |
| 16 | United States | 15.4 | 11.8 | 20.0 | 0.6 | 17.0 |
| 17 | Ireland | 16.1 | 8.7 | 22.6 | 1.5 | 16.5 |
| 18 | Italy | 29.9 | 7.8 | 47.0 | 4.0 | 12.7 |
The countries ranked in the top 21 by HDI that are not on this list are Iceland, Austria and New Zealand.
Note that not all countries are included because data for the indicators are not always available. So positions could change if they were. Especially countries at the bottom could drop considerably if the list were extended. For specific values for other countries than the ones on the list, see source links below.
Indicators used are:
- Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 2000-2005. Varies from 7.1% for Japan to 11.8 for the USA. This is the indicator that is best known for all countries (including the ones not on the list). Worse values start only at position 35 of the HDI, indicating that many countries could climb on an extended list based on this, knocking down lower ranked countries on the above list.
- People lacking functional literacy skills (% of people scoring in the range called “Level 1” in the International Adult Literacy Survey, age 16-65, 1994-2003). Varies from 7.5% for Sweden to 47.0% for Italy. These figures are higher than most commonly cited illiteracy rates due to the choice of the literacy test.
- Long-term unemployment (12 months or more, % of labour force), 2005. Varies from 0.4% for Norway to 5.0% for Germany. This indicator has by far the greatest variation, with a value as high as 9.3% at HDI position 37.
- Population below 50% of median adjusted household disposable income (%), 1994-2002. Varies from 5.4% for Finland to 17% for the USA.
The population with an income below 11$ per day is not used in the calculation (it is known for too few countries), but this shows a striking variation with scores over 10% for Australia, the UK and the USA, but an extremely low score of 0.3% for Luxembourg, so this could have changed the list considerably if it had been included.
Above countries also score high on the List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita, but Germany and Spain have a much higher ranking here and, conversely, Qatar is not even on this list at all.