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Ilya Yefimovich Repin (Russian: Илья́ Ефи́мович Ре́пин) (5 August [O.S. 24 July] 1844 – September 29, 1930, Kuokkala, Finland) was a leading Russian painter and sculptor of the Peredvizhniki artistic school. His realistic works often expressed great psychological depth and exposed the tensions within the existing social order. Beginning in the latter-1920s, detailed works on him were being published in the USSR and about a decade later, a Repin cult was established in the Soviet Union and he was being held up as a model "progressive" and "realist" to be imitated by "Socialist Realist" artists in the USSR.

Contents 1 Life and work 1.1 The itinerants 1.2 Historical and contemporary subjects 1.3 Later life 2 Bibliography 2.1 Paintings 3 References 4 External links

Repin was born in the town of Chuguev near Kharkov in the heart of the historical region called Sloboda Ukraine. His parents were Russian military settlers. In 1866, after apprenticeship with a local icon painter named Bunakov and preliminary study of portrait painting, he went to Saint Petersburg and was shortly admitted to the Imperial Academy of Arts as a student. From 1873 to 1876 on the Academy's allowance, Repin sojourned in Italy and lived in Paris, where he was exposed to French impressionist painting, which had a lasting effect upon his use of light and colour. Nevertheless, his style was to remain closer to that of the old European masters, especially Rembrandt, and he never became an impressionist himself. Throughout his career, he was drawn to the common people from whom he himself traced his origins, and he frequently painted country folk, both Ukrainian and Russian, though in later years he also painted members of the Imperial Russian elite, the intelligentsia, and the aristocracy, including Tsar Nicholas II.

In 1878, Repin joined the free-thinking "Association of Peredvizhniki Artists", generally called "the Wanderers" or "The Itinerants" in English, who, at about the time of Repin's arrival in the capital, rebelled against the academic formalism of the official Academy. His fame was established by his painting of the "Volga Barge Haulers", a work which portrayed the hard lot of these poor folk but which was not without hope for the youth of Russia. From 1882 he lived in Saint Petersburg but did visit his Ukrainian homeland and on occasion made tours abroad.

Beginning shortly before the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, he painted a series of pictures dealing with the theme of the Russian revolutionary movement: "Refusal to Confess", "Arrest of a Propagandist", "The Meeting", and "They did not Expect Him", the last of which is undoubtedly his masterpiece on the subject, mixing contrasting psychological moods and Russian and Ukrainian national motifs. His large-scale "Religious Procession in the Province of Kursk" is sometimes considered an archetype of the "Russian national style" displaying various social classes and the tensions among them set within the context of a traditional religious practice and united by a slow but relentless forward movement.

In 1885, Repin completed one of his most psychologically intense paintings, "Ivan the Terrible and his Son." This canvas displayed a horrified Ivan embracing his dying son, whom he had just struck and mortally wounded in an uncontrolled fit of rage. The visage of terrified Ivan is in marked contrast with that of his calm, almost Christlike son.

One of Repin's most complex paintings, "The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan of Turkey" occupied many years of his life. He conceived this painting as a study in laughter, but also believed that it involved the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity; in short, Cossack republicanism. Begun in the late 1870s, it was only completed in 1891, and, ironically, was immediately purchased by the Tsar. The Tsar paid 35,000 rubles for the painting, an enormous amount for that time.

During his maturity, Repin painted many of his most celebrated compatriots, including the novelist Leo Tolstoy, the scientist Dmitri Mendeleev, the imperial official Pobedonostsev, the composer Mussorgsky, the philanthropist Pavel Tretyakov, and the Ukrainian poet and painter, Taras Shevchenko.

In 1903, he was commissioned by the Russian government to paint his most grandiose design, a 400x877 cm canvas representing a ceremonial session of the State Council.

Repin himself designed his home Penaty (literally, "the Penates") or the Roman "Household Gods", located just to the north of Saint Petersburg in Kuokkala, Grand Duchy of Finland. After the 1917 October Revolution, Finland declared independence. He was invited by various Soviet institutions to come back to his homeland but refused the invitation giving the excuse that he was too old to make the journey. During this period, Repin devoted much time to painting religious subjects, though his treatment of these was usually innovative and not traditional. With the exception of a portrait of Provisional Government head, Alexander Kerensky, he never painted anything substantial on the subject of the 1917 revolutions or the Soviet experiment that followed. His last painting, a joyous and exuberant canvas called "The Hopak", was on a Ukrainian Cossack theme. In 1930, he died in Kuokkala, Finland. After the Continuation War Kuokkala was ceded to the Soviet Union and was renamed Repino (Leningrad Oblast). The Penates are part of the World Heritage Site Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments.[1] In 1940, Penaty was opened for the public as a house museum. Alexander Glazunov's Oriental Rhapsody, Op. 29 (1889) is dedicated to Ilya Repin.

• Fan Parker and Stephen Jan Parker, Russia on Canvas: Ilya Repin (University Park-London: Pennsylvania State UP, 1980). Repeats the standard Soviet interpretation of Repin's life and work.
• Grigory Sternin and others, Ilya Repin: Painting Graphic Arts (Leningrad: Aurora, 1985). Standard Soviet treatment, but well illustrated.
• Elizabeth Kridl Valkenier, Ilya Repin and the World of Russian Art (New York: Columbia UP, 1990). Critical non-Soviet treatment with much fresh information, but geared primarily toward academics.

Repin's paintings appear in the following Wikipedia articles:

• Afanasy Fet | Alexey Bogolyubov | Aleksey Pisemsky | Alexander Glazunov | Alexander Pushkin | Anton Rubinstein | Archdeacon | Burlak | César Cui | Cossacks | Diary of a Madman (story) | Dmitri Mendeleev | Dmytro Yavornytsky | Dmitry Karakozov | Don Juan | Easter | Eudoxia Streshneva | Flag of Ukraine | Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin | Grigoriy Myasoyedov | Hopak | Ivan IV of Russia | Ivan Sechenov | Kalmyk people | Khokhol | Khorugv | Konstantin Pobedonostsev | Krestny khod / Crucession | Kursk | Leonid Andreyev | Marie-Clotilde-Elisabeth Louise de Riquet, comtesse de Mercy-Argenteau | Mariinsky Palace | Mehmed IV | Mikhail Glinka | Mikhail Mikeshin | Mitrofan Belyayev | Modest Mussorgsky | Museum of Military Medicine | Myra | Nikolai Evreinov | Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov | Novodevichy Convent | October Manifesto | Our Lady of Kursk | Pavel Tretyakov | Peredvizhniki | Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks | Russian Empire | Russian history, 1855–1892 | Russian Revolution (1905) | Sadko (opera) | Saint Nicholas | Savva Mamontov | Sergei Witte | Slavic mythology | Social realism | Sophia Alekseyevna | State Council of Imperial Russia | The Volga Boatmen's Song | Tsardom of Russia | Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum | Ukraine | Ukrainians | Vladimir Chertkov | Vladimir Stasov | Vsevolod Garshin | Zaporozhian Cossacks

Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan 1870-1873	Burlaks on Volga , 1870-73	Sadko in the Underwater Kingdom 1876	Apples and Leaves 1879
Party 1883	Grand Duke Choosing His Bride 1885	Portrait of Leo Tolstoy 1887	St Nicholas of Myra in Lycia 1889
Portrait of Mendeleev	Portrait of Leo Tolstoy 1893	Portrait of writer Alexander Zhirkevich 1894	Wedding of Nicholas II and Alexandra Fyodorovna, 1894
Ceremonial session of the State Council 1900	Composer Modest Mussorgsky	Anton Rubinstein	Painter's daughter
Konstantin Pobedonostsev (sketch)	Sophia Alekseyevna	Afanasy Fet	Vladimir Stasov
Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov	Aleksey Pisemsky	Pushkin Reciting His Poem Before Old Derzhavin (1911)	17 October 1905, 1906-1911
Emperor Nicholas II (sketch)

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• Ilya Repin at Olga's Gallery
• Repin's paintings at The Russian Art Gallery
• Penaty, currently a museum
• Ilya Yefimovich Repin on postage stamps