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Imadaddin Nasimi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- This article is about the 14th-century Sufi poet. For the 17th-century Alevi poet, see Kul Nesimi.
Seyyid Ali Imadaddin Nesîmî (Azerbaijani: Seyid Əli İmadəddin Nəsimi, Persian: عمادالدین نسیمی) (?–1417?) was a 14th-century Turkic[1][2][3] Hurufi poet. Known mostly by his pen name (or takhallus) of Nesîmî, he composed one Divan in Azerbaijani Turkic, one in Persian[4][5], and a number of poems in Arabic[6]. He is considered one of the greatest Turkic mystical poets of the late 14th and early 15th centuries[6] and one of the most prominent early Divan masters in Turkic literary history[6]. Some consider him as the father of the classic Turkish literature[citation needed].
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Very little is known for certain about Nesîmî's life, including his real name. Most sources indicate that his name was `İmâd-üddîn (عماد الدين)[7], but it is also claimed that his name may have been `Alî (علی) or Ömer (عمر)[8]. It is also possible that he was descended from the Prophet Muhammad, since he has sometimes been accorded the title of seyyid (سيد) that is reserved for people claimed to be in Muhammad's line of descent. Nesîmî's birthplace, like his real name, is wrapped in mystery: some claim that he was born in a province called Nesîm — hence the pen name — located either near Aleppo in modern-day Syria,[9] or near Baghdad in modern-day Iraq,[10] but no such province has been found to exist. There are also claims that he was born in Shamakhi or Bursa,[11] as well as Tabriz, Shiraz, or Diyarbakır.[12].
According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, Nesimi was:
| “ | , an early Ottoman poet and mystic, believed to have come from Nesīm near Baghdād, whence his name. As a place of this name no longer exists, it is not certain whether the laqab (Pen-Name) should not be derived simply from nasīm zephyr, breath of wind. That Nesīmī was of Turkoman origin seems to be fairly certain, although the Seyyid before his name also points to Arab blood. Turkish was as familiar to him as Persian, for he wrote in both languages. Arabic poems are also ascribed to him. | ” |
From his poetry, it's evident that Nesîmî was an adherent of the Sufi Hurûfî movement, which was founded by Nesîmî's teacher Fazlullah Nâimî of Astarabad, who was condemned for heresy and executed in Alinja near Nakhchivan [14]. The center of Fazlullah Nâimî's influence was Baku and most of his followers came from Shirvan[15].
Nesîmî was, in fact, to become one of the most influential advocates of Hurûfî doctrine, and the movement's ideas were spread to a large extent through his poetry. While Fazlullah believed that he himself was the manifestation of God, for Nesîmî at the center of Creation there was God, who bestowed His Light on man. Through sacrifice and self perfection, man can become one with God [16]. Some time around the year 1417 (or possibly 1404[17]), as a direct result of his beliefs — which were considered blasphemous by the contemporary ulema, or religious authorities — Nesîmî was seized and, according to most accounts,[18] skinned alive in Aleppo.
A number of legends later grew up around his execution, such as the story that he mocked his executioners with improvised verse and, after the execution, draped his flayed skin around his shoulders and departed.[19] A rare historical account of the event — the Tarih-i Heleb of Akhmad ibn Ibrahim al-Halabi — relates that the court, which was of the Maliki school of religious law, was unwilling to convict Nesîmî of apostasy, and that the order of execution instead came from the secular power of the emir of Aleppo, who was hoping to avoid open rebellion.[20]
Nesîmî's tomb in Aleppo remains an important place of pilgrimage to this day.
Nesîmî's collected poems, or dîvân, number about 300, and include ghazals, qasidas (“lyrics”), and rubâ'îs (“quatrains”) in Azerbaijani Turkic[1][2][3], Persian, and Arabic. His Turkish Divan is considered his most important work[6], contains 250–300 ghazals and more than 150 rubâ'îs. A large body of Bektashi and Alevi poetry is also attributed to Nesîmî, largely as a result of Hurûfî ideas' influence upon those two groups. Shah Ismail I, the founder of Safavid dynasty in Iran, who himself composed a divan in Azerbaijani Turkic under the pen name of Khatai[21], praised Nesimi in his poems[22].
According to the Encyclopedia of Islam[23]:
| “ | His work consists of two collections of poems, one of which, the rarer, is in Persian and the other in Turkish. The Turkish Dīwān consists of 250-300 ghazels and about 150 quatrains, but the existing mss. differ considerably from the printed edition (Istanbul 1298/1881). No scholarly edition has so far been undertaken, but a study of his vocabulary is given by Jahangir Gahramanov, Nasimi divanynyn leksikasy, Baku 1970. The Persian Dīwān has been edited by Muhammad Rizā Mar'ashī, Khurshid-i Darband . Dīwān-i Imād Dīn Nasīmī, Tehran 1370 Sh./1991. | ” |
One of Nesîmî's most famous poems is the gazel beginning with the following lines:
- منده صغار ايكى جهان من بو جهانه صغمازام
- گوهر لامکان منم كون و مکانه صغمازام
- Mende sığar iki cahan, men bu cahâna sığmazam
- Gövher-i lâ-mekân menem, kövn ü mekâna sığmazam[24]
- Both worlds can fit within me, but in this world I cannot fit
- I am the placeless essence, but into existence I cannot fit
The poem serves as an excellent example of Nesîmî's poetic brand of Hurufism in its mystical form. There is a contrast made between the physical and the spiritual worlds, which are seen to be ultimately united in the human being. As such, the human being is seen to partake of the same spiritual essence as God: the phrase lâ-mekân (لامکان), or "the placeless", in the second line is a Sufi term used for God.[25] The same term, however, can be taken literally as meaning "without a place", and so Nesîmî is also using the term to refer to human physicality.[26] In his poem, Nesîmî stresses that understanding God is ultimately not possible in this world, though it is nonetheless the duty of human beings to strive for such an understanding. Moreover, as the poem's constant play with the ideas of the physical and the spiritual underlines, Nesîmî calls for this search for understanding to be carried out by people within their own selves.
Some of Nesîmî's work is also more specifically Hurûfî in nature, as can be seen in the following quatrain from a long poem:
- گوردم اول آيى و بيرام ايلدم
- شول ميه بو گوزلرى جام ايلدم
- حجّه واردم ازم احرام ايلدم
- فا و ضاد لام حق نام ايلدم
- Gördüm ol ayı vü bayram eyledim
- Şol meye bu gözleri câm eyledim
- Hecce vardım ezm-i ehrâm eyledim
- Fâ vü zâd-ı lâm-i Heqq nâm eyledim[27]
- Seeing that moon I rejoiced
- I made of my eyes a cup for its wine
- I went on Hajj in pilgrim's garb
- I called Fâ, Zâd, and Lâm by the name "Truth"
In the quatrain's last line, "Fâ", "Zâd", and "Lâm" are the names of the Arabic letters that together spell out the first name of the founder of Hurufism, Fazl-ullah. As such, Nesîmî is praising his shaykh, or spiritual teacher, and in fact comparing him to God, who is also given the name "Truth" (al-Haqq). Moreover, using the Perso-Arabic letters in the poem in such a manner is a direct manifestation of Hurûfî beliefs insofar as the group expounds a vast and complex letter symbolism in which each letter represents an aspect of the human character, and all the letters together can be seen to represent God.
Nesîmî is also considered a superb love poet, and his poems express the idea of love on both the personal and the spiritual plane. Many of his gazels, for instance, have a high level of emotiveness, as well as expressing a great mastery of language:
- اوزكى مندن نهان ايتمك ديلرسه ڭ ايتمه غل
- گوزلرم ياشڭ روان ايتمك ديلرسه ڭ ايتمه غل
- برك نسرین اوزره مسکين زلفكى سن طاغدوب
- عاشقى بى خانمان ايتمك ديلرسه ڭ ايتمه غل
- Üzünü menden nihân etmek dilersen, etmegil
- Gözlerim yaşın revân etmek dilersen, etmegil
- Berq-i nesrin üzre miskin zülfünü sen dağıdıb
- Âşiqi bîxânimân etmek dilersen, etmegil[28]
- Should you want to veil your face from me, oh please do not!
- Should you want to make my tears flow, oh please do not!
- Should you want to lay your hair of musk atop the rose
- And leave your lover destitute, oh please do not!
Nesîmî's work represents an important stage in the development of poetry not only in the Azerbaijani language vernacular, but also in the Ottoman Divan poetry tradition. After his death, Nesîmî's work continued to exercise a great influence on many Turkic language poets, and authors such as Fuzûlî (1483?–1556), Khata'i (1487–1524), and Pir Sultan Abdal (1480 - 1550) can be counted among his followers
Nesîmî is venerated in the modern Republic of Azerbaijan, and one of the districts of the capital city, Baku, bears his name. There is also a monument to him in the city, sculpted by T. Mamedov and I. Zeynalov. Furthermore, the Institute of Linguistics at the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan is named after him, and there was also a 1973 Azerbaijani film, Nasimi (the Azerbaijani language spelling of his name), made about him. The 600th anniversary of Nesîmî's birthday was celebrated worldwide in 1973 by the decision of UNESCO, and representatives from many countries took part in the celebrations held both in Azerbaijan and in Moscow, Russia.
- ^ a b Julian Baldick. Mystical Islam: An Introduction to Sufism, I. B. Tauris, 2000, p. 103, ISBN 186064631X
- ^ a b Kathleen R. Burrill. The Quatrains of Nesimi Fourteenth-Century Turkic Hurufi, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 1972, ISBN 9027923280
- ^ a b Ann Katherine Swynford Lambton, Peter Malcolm Holt, Bernard Lewis. The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge University Press, p. 689, ISBN 0521291380
- ^ Babinger, Fr. "Nesīmī , Seyyid imād al-Dīn, known as Nesīmī." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007
- ^ The quatrains of Nesimi, fourteenth-century Turkic Hurufi. With annotated translations of the Turkie and Persian quatrains from the Hekimoğlu Ali Pasa ms. by Kathleen R. F. Burrill. (Columbia University. Publications in Near and Middle East studies. Series A. ; v. 14) 1972.
- ^ a b c d Encyclopedia Britannica. "Seyid Imadeddin Nesimi". Online Edition
- ^ e.g. Andrews 211, Devellioğlu 824
- ^ Cengiz 149
- ^ Andrews 211
- ^ Devellioğlu 823
- ^ Səfərli 1
- ^ Andrews 211
- ^ Babinger, Fr. "Nesīmī , Seyyid imād al-Dīn, known as Nesīmī." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007
- ^ Irène Mélikoff. Sur Les Traces Du Soufisme Turc: Recherches Sur L'Islam Populaire En Anatolie, Editions Isis, 1992, pp. 163-174, ISBN 9754280479
- ^ Bryan S. Turner. Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology, Routledge, 2003, p. 284, ISBN 041512347X
- ^ Z. Kulizade. Хуруфизм и его представители в Азербайджане, Baku, 1970, pp. 151-164
- ^ Andrews 211, Cengiz 149
- ^ Ibid.
- ^ Andrews 212
- ^ Səfərli 7
- ^ V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shah Ismail", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 10, No. 4. (1942), p. 1053
- ^ Ismāʻīl, İbrahim Aslanoğlu. Şah İsmail Hatayî: Divan, Dehnâme, Nasihatnâme ve Anadolu Hatayîleri, Der Yayınları, 1992, p. 523
- ^ F. Babinger. "Nesīmī , Seyyid imād al-Dīn, known as Nesīmī." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007
- ^ İmadeddin Nesimî 3
- ^ The phrase is in some ways redolent of the earlier Sufi Mansur al-Hallaj's statement "ana al-Haqq" (أنا الحق), which means literally "I am the Truth" but also — because al-Haqq is one of the 99 names of God in Islamic tradition — "I am God".
- ^ This device of employing double, and even completely opposite, meanings for the same word is known as tevriyye (توريه).
- ^ İmadeddin Nesimî 27
- ^ İmadeddin Nesimî 7
Primary
Secondary
- Andrews, Walter G.; Black, Najaat; and Kalpaklı, Mehmet. "Nesîmî" in Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology; pp. 211–212. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997. ISBN 0-292-70472-0.
- Cengiz, Halil Erdoĝan. "Nesîmî" in Divan Şiiri Antolojisi; pp. 148–149. Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi, 1983.
- Devellioğlu, Ferit. "Nesîmî" in Osmanlıca – Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat; pp. 823–824. Ankara: Aydın Kitabevi, 2005. ISBN 975-7519-02-2.
- Səfərli, Əlyar; ed. Imadəddin Nəsimi, Seçilmis Əsərləri, Maarif nəşriyyatı 440p, Baku 1985 ISBN 4803010200
