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Inbreeding depression is reduced fitness in a given population as a result of breeding of related individuals. Breeding between closely related individuals results in more recessive deleterious traits manifesting themselves. The more closely related the breeding pair is, the more homozygous deleterious genes the offspring may have, resulting in very unfit individuals. In general, populations with more genetic variation do not suffer from inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is often the result of a population bottleneck. The phenomenon of inbreeding depression may occur in either plant or animal species.

Contents 1 Inbreeding depression and natural selection 2 Managing inbreeding depression 3 Example species subject to inbreeding depression 4 Example species not subject to significant inbreeding depression 5 See also 6 References

Natural selection cannot effectively remove all deleterious recessive genes from a population for several reasons. First, deleterious genes arise constantly through mutation within a population. Second, in a population where inbreeding occurs frequently, most offspring will have some deleterious traits, so few will be more fit for survival than the others. It should be noted, though, that different deleterious traits are extremely unlikely to equally affect reproduction. An especially disadvantageous recessive trait expressed in a homozygous recessive individual is likely to eliminate itself, naturally limiting the expression of its phenotype. Third, recessive deleterious alleles will be "masked" by heterozygosity, and so heterozygotes will not be selected against (assuming dominance).

Introducing new genes from a different population can reverse inbreeding depression. Different populations have different deleterious traits, and therefore will not result in homozygosity in most loci in the offspring. This is known as Outbreeding Enhancement, practiced by conservation managers and zoo captive breeders to prevent homozygosity. However, intermixing two different populations may give rise to unfit polygenic traits in outbreeding depression

• Chillingham Cattle
• Piperia yadonii

despite extremely low effective population sizes

• Chatham Islands Robin
• Laysan Duck
• Mauritius Kestrel
• Toromiro^{[verification needed]}

• Genetics
• Natural selection
• Population genetics
• Inbreeding

Genetic Effects of Straying of Non-Native Hatchery Fish into Natural Populations http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/publications/techmemos/tm30/lynch.html