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An informant (sometimes informer) is someone existing inside a closed system who provides information of that system to a figure or organization who exist outside of that system. Most notably these organizations include law enforcement agencies, but also informants are utilized by others such as social scientists.

Phrased less formally, an informer or informant could be a member of an underground organization, a criminal gang or any other group outlawed, persecuted or harassed by the civil or military authorities, who gives the authorities information about the group as a whole and/about other members.

Public attitudes to informers and informants change enormously with different circumstances. When the group concerned is involved in principled opposition to a tyrannical regime or a foreign occupation, an informer within its ranks will likely to be considered (at least by those sympathizing with its aims) as a despicable traitor. On the other hand, in cases of criminal gangs considered a danger to society, use of informers might be considered socially useful. In cases where the role of an organization is debated - for example, the many groups regarding themselves as "freedom fighters" but defined by the authorities as "terrorists" - appreciation of informers within their ranks may vary accordingly.

Contents 1 Ancient 2 Political informers 3 Labor organization informers 4 Criminal informers 5 Terms for informants 6 Famous informants 7 See also

In Greece and Rome, informers (the Roman delatores) were a key part of the judicial system. They informed the Roman Senate about urgent matters important to the republic and later, the empire.

An informer in Ireland historically refers to someone who provided a flow of inside information to state security agencies, usually for financial gain and/or immunity from prosecution, while purporting to be a member or sympathizer of the targeted political organization. Informers were widely used by the British Government against the United Irishmen, Fenian Brotherhood, Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Irish Republican Army.

Corporations and the detective agencies that sometimes represent them have historically hired labor spies to monitor or control labor organizations and their activities. Such individuals may be professionals or recruits from the workforce. They may be willing accomplices, or may be tricked into informing on their co-workers' unionization efforts.

Informants are most commonly found in the world of organized crime. By its very nature, organized crime involves many people who are aware of each other's guilt in a variety of illegal activities. Quite frequently, informants will provide information in order to obtain lenient treatment for themselves and provide information over an extended period of time in return for money or for police to overlook their own criminal activities. Quite often someone will become an informant following their arrest. The CIA has been criticized for letting major drug lords out of prison as informants. Informants are regarded as traitors by their former criminal associates, who may punish informers with acts of violence or even death. Informers are therefore generally protected, either by being segregated in prison or, if they are not incarcerated, relocated under a new identity.

There has also been much criticism about the witness protection program. Many informers are allowed to enter state and federal witness protection programs after they have given testimony. Once within the shelter of witness protection, these informers often continue with their lives of crime, a lifestyle that casts a large shadow of doubt on the veracity of their testimony. This shows the abuse that witness protection programs can be subjected to. One such notable protected witness was David Clay Lind, a known gang member and reported drug addict who was said to have died of a drug overdose while in witness protection.

The slang term used when defense lawyers make deals with courts and authorities to get a criminal out of jail as an informant is called "pulling a Jeremy" coined after the infamous American informant code named "Jeremy" who disclosed information about the whereabouts of President Noriega during Operation Just Cause, leading to Noriega's capture. They may be allowed to engage in crime, so that the potential informant can blend into the criminal environment without suspicion.

Whatever the nature of a group, it is bound to feel strong hostility towards any known informers, regard them as threats and inflict punishments ranging from social ostracism through physical abuse and/or death.

Several slang terms for informants have arisen over the years, most of them pejorative. They include:

• narc (from "narcotics agent")
• nark (UK, from the Romani; not related to narcotics)
• konfident (Polish)
• kapuś (Polish), actually the same word as kapo (in Nazi concentration camp speech)
• rat
• sarti (Northwestern United States)
• snitch
• squealer
• stool pigeon
• tout (informers on republican organizations in Ireland)
• grass (United Kingdom - from the lyrics to the song "Whispering Grass")
• Dobber (Australia, now used in United Kingdom)
• fizz (Australia, esp 60's/70's)
• "To squeak" or "squeal" is also used as a verb to refer to informing, probably derived from the slang rat.
• 'suka' (meaning bitch) common in Russia especially in prisons. See also Suka Wars
• 'X9' ("Xees Nove") a common Brazilian term

• Leroy "Nicky" Barnes
• Sammy "The Bull" Gravano
• David Holt
• Kevin Morrison Liverpool
• Henry Hill
• Jose Canseco
• Frank Lucas
• HMS Royal Oak (1674) (the fate of Jean Manaux, 17th Century informer on fellow prisoners)
• Brenda Paz

• Pentiti
• Witness Protection Program
• Whistle-blower
• Supergrass (informer)
• Stop Snitching
• On the Waterfront, in which Marlon Brando plays an informant