From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Information overload refers to the state of having too much information to make a decision or remain informed about a topic. It is often referred to in conjunction with various forms of Computer-mediated communication such as e-mail and the Web. The term was coined in 1970 by Alvin Toffler in his book Future Shock.

Contents 1 General Causes 2 Psychological Effects 3 Response of Business and Government 4 Related Terms 5 References 6 See also 7 External links

The general causes of information overload include:

• A rapidly increasing rate of new information being produced
• The ease of duplication and transmission of data across the Internet
• An increase in the available channels of incoming information (e.g. telephone, e-mail, instant messaging, rss)
• Large amounts of historical information to dig through
• Contradictions and inaccuracies in available information
• A low signal-to-noise ratio
• A lack of a method for comparing and processing different kinds of information

E-mail remains a major source of information overload, as people struggle to keep up with the rate of incoming messages. As well as filtering out unsolicited commercial messages (Spam), users also have to contend with the growing use of e-mail attachments in the form of lengthy reports, presentations and media files.

In addition to e-mail, the World Wide Web has provided access to billions of pages of information. In many offices, workers are given unrestricted access to the Web, allowing them to manage their own research. The use of Search Engines helps users to find information quickly. However, information published online may not always be reliable, due to the lack of authority-approval or a compulsory accuracy check before publication. This results in people having cross check what they read before using it for decision-making, which takes up more time.

As people are faced with growing levels of information overload, the inability to make clear and accurate decisions can increase their stress levels.

An article in the New Scientist magazine claimed that exposing individuals to an information overloaded environment resulted in lower IQ scores than exposing individuals to marijuana^[1], although these results are contested^[2]. The same article also notes that a night without sleep can be as debilitating as over-exposure to information.

Part of the problem of information overload can be traced to interruptions in the workplace. Interruptions include incoming e-mail messages, phone calls and instant messaging - all of which break mental focus, and redirect it to the source of the interruption. The person has to deal with the interruption, then redirect their attention back to the original task.

In 2005, research firm "Basex" calculated the cost of unnecessary interruptions and related recovery time at "$588 billion" per annum in the U.S. alone. That figure was updated to "$650 billion" in early 2007.

Many academics, corporate decision-makers, and federal policy-makers recognize the magnitude and growing impact of this phenomenon.

Recent research suggests that an "attention economy" of sorts will naturally emerge from information overload, allowing Internet users greater control over their online experience with particular regard to communication mediums such as e-mail and instant messaging. This could involve some sort of cost being attached to e-mail messages. For example, managers charging a small fee for every e-mail received - e.g. $5.00 - which the sender must pay from their budget. The aim of such charging is to force the sender to consider the necessity of the interruption.

A similar term "information pollution" was coined by Jakob Nielsen. The term "interruption overload" has begun to appear in newspapers such as the Financial Times.

• Information explosion
• Glass cockpit

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• Information Pollution
• Understanding Information Overload
• Conceptualizing Information Systems and Cognitive Sustainability in 21st Century 'Attention' Economies (Includes Syllabus)
• The Role of Contextual Clues in the Creation of Information Overload (PDF)
• Information overload, retrieval strategies and Internet user empowerment.
• A Literature Review on Information Overload Studies in Marketing, Organization, MIS, Accounting and related disciplines (PDF)
• The Tyranny of Email
• Tips for Mastering E-mail Overload
• Assessing and Managing Technostress
• Too many anagrams for "Information Overload"
• Tangled Up in Tasks
• Change and Information Overload: negative effects
• The Cure for Information Overload