Sources
Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web.
Submit a site - Become an editor
Wikipedia. Licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Are you an expert in this subject? Join the discussion and share your knowledge at Wikipedia.org.
Intramolecular
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Intramolecular in chemistry describes a process or characteristic limited within the structure of a single molecule; a property or phenomenon limited to the extent of a single molecule.
Contents |
- intramolecular hydride transfer (transfer of a hydride ion from one part to another within the same molecule)
- intramolecular hydrogen bond (a hydrogen bond formed between two functional groups of the same molecule)
In intramolecular organic reactions, two reaction sites are contained within a single molecule. This creates a very high effective concentration (resulting in high reaction rates) and therefore many intramolecular reactions take place that would not occur as an intermolecular reaction between two compounds.
Examples of intramolecular reactions are the Smiles rearrangement, the Dieckmann condensation and the Madelung synthesis.
In a niche concept called molecular tethers otherwise intermolecular reactions can be made temporarily intramolecular by anchoring both reactions by a tether with all the advantages associated to it. Popular choices of tether contain a carbonate ester, boronic ester, silyl ether or a silyl acetal link (silicon tethers) which are fairly inert in many organic reactions yet can be cleaved by specific reagents. Main hurdle for this strategy to work is selecting the proper length for the tether and making sure reactive groups have an optimal orientation with respect to each other. An examples is a Pauson-Khand reaction of an alkene and an alkyne tethered together via a silyl ether [1]
In this particular reaction the tether angle bringing the reactive groups together is effectively reduced by placing isopropyl groups on the silicon atom via the Thorpe-Ingold effect. No reaction takes place when these bulky groups are replaced by smaller methyl groups.
Another example is a photochemical [2+2]cycloaddition with two alkene groups tethered through a silicon acetal group (racemic, the other enantiomer not depicted) which is subsequently cleaved by TBAF yielding the endo-diol.
Without the tether the exo isomer forms [2].
- ^ The use of silicon-based tethers for the Pauson-Khand reaction Dobbs A, Miller I, Martinovic S Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007 3:21 ( 6 July 2007 ) Article link
- ^ Diastereoselective intramolecular photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of tethered l-(+)-valinol derived tetrahydrophthalimides Kevin I. Booker-Milburn, Sirin Gulten and Andrew Sharpe Chem. Commun., 1997, 1385 - 1386, doi:10.1039/a702386c