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For the electorate see Invercargill (NZ electorate)

Invercargill Waihōpai (Māori)
Population:	48,200 (urban) 50,800 (territorial)
Urban Area
Extent:	Makarewa to Woodend; west to Otatara
Territorial Authority
Name:	Invercargill City
Mayor:	Tim Shadbolt
Deputy Mayor:	Neil Boniface
Land area:	491km²
Extent:	Makarewa to Bluff; Oreti Beach to Kennington
Website:	http://www.icc.govt.nz
Regional Council
Name:	Environment Southland
Website:	http://www.es.govt.nz

Invercargill (Waihōpai in Māori) is the southernmost and westernmost city in New Zealand, and one of the southernmost settlements in the world. It is the commercial centre of the Southland region. It lies in the heart of the wide expanse of the Southland Plains on the Oreti or New River some 18 km north of Bluff, which is the southernmost town in the South Island. It sits amid rich farmland that is bordered by large areas of conservation land and marine reserves, including Fiordland National Park covering the south-west corner of the South Island.

Invercargill is home to the Southern Institute of Technology, which has introduced a free-fees scheme. The scheme was partly responsible for rejuvenating the city when it was in a steady state of population decline.

Invercargill is also the home to New Zealand's only indoor cycling velodrome. The indoor 250m wooden velodrome is home to Track Cycling in Southland and is currently the fastest track in the country. The Invercargill Licensing Trust supports the Velodrome which is situated at Stadium Southland. It promises to become the focal point of track cycling in New Zealand. It is also home of the SBS Invitational Amateur golf tournament which is held every year at the beginning of March. Another facility is Queen's Park, which is just north of the city centre, with botanical gardens, an aviary, sports grounds, and the Southland Museum and Art Gallery. Anderson Park, on the northern boundary of Invercargill, is a large Georgian-style residence set in 24 hectares of landscaped gardens. The house displays Invercargill's extensive collection of New Zealand art.

Many streets in the city, especially in the centre and main shopping district, are named after rivers in the United Kingdom, mainly Scotland. These include Dee, Tyne, Esk, Don, Thames, Mersey, Ness, Yarrow, Spey, Tay, and Eye rivers.

Contents 1 Transport 1.1 Road 1.2 Rail links 1.3 Invercargill Airport 2 History 3 Climate 4 The Invercargill March 5 Education 5.1 High schools 5.2 Primary Schools 6 Famous Invercargillites 7 Sister Cities 8 References 9 External links

Invercargill is the southernmost city on New Zealand's state highway network and is linked to Fiordland and the Catlins by the Southern Scenic Route.

See also: Public transport in Invercargill

Invercargill is at the southern end of the Main South Line railway, which extends up the east coast to Christchurch and Lyttelton via Dunedin. Until the cancellation of the Southerner in 2002, Invercargill had the southernmost passenger railway station in the world. Passenger trains no longer call at Invercargill, except for occasional excursions. The Bluff Branch extends south from Invercargill and has been freight-only since 1967. The Wairio Branch extends northwest from Invercargill to the Solid Energy coalfields and continues to carry freight.

During the mid 1950s, Invercargill Airport was used for fuel top-up and final take off by Operation Deep Freeze. Twin-engine propeller-driven planes destined for McMurdo Sound in the Antarctic used the airport, assisted in takeoff by JATO rockets under their wings. Bigger aircraft flew from Christchurch where Deep Freeze had a base.

Invercargill Airport's primary traffic currently comprises Air New Zealand ATR 72 aircraft flying to and from Christchurch, and regular flights to and from Stewart Island.

Southland was a scene of early extended contact between Europeans and Maori, in this case sealers and whalers and missionaries - Wohlers at Ruapuke. From 1848, Otago, of which Southland was itself part, was the subject of planned settlement by the Free Church, an offshoot of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Settlement broadened with the discovery of gold in Central Otago in the 1860s.

Even today, traces of Scottish speech persist in Southland voices, with R often pronounced with a rolling burr. This is more noticeable in country people.

In 1856 a petition was put forward to Thomas Gore Browne, the Governor of New Zealand, for a port at Bluff. Browne agreed to the petition and gave the name Invercargill to the settlement north of the port. Inver comes from the Scots Gaelic word inbhir meaning a river's mouth and Cargill is in honour of Captain William Cargill, who was at the time the Superintendent of Otago, of which Southland was then a part.

From 1861 to 1870, Invercargill was the centre of Southland Province, which separated from Otago Province, but later rejoined it.

In December 1905, Invercargill voted in local prohibition of alcohol sales. This lasted for 40 years until voted out by returning servicemen in World War II. Drinking continued meanwhile, thanks to huge volumes of beer, often in kegs, brought to private homes, or sold by the glass by keggers at hiding spots round the City. When prohibition ended, a committee of citizens persuaded the Government to give the monopoly on liquor sales in Invercargill to the specially formed Invercargill Licensing Trust. Based on a scheme in Carlisle, England, it returns profits to city amenities. Even today, alcohol is not sold in supermarkets.

In recent years, publicity has been brought to the southern city by the election of Tim Shadbolt, a colourful and outspoken former student activist, as mayor. He once appeared on a cheese ad stating "I don't mind where, as long as I'm Mayor". His supporters like the colour he brings to the city. His opponents refer to his controversial mayoral career in the Auckland suburbs and to his attitude to veterans during his opposition to the Vietnam War.

A temperate oceanic climate similar to that of the British Isles. In Invercargill the mean daily temperature ranges from 5.2°C in July to 14°C in January. The yearly mean temperature is 9.9°C. Rainfall averages 1112 mm annually, and measurable snowfall is occasionally seen during the winter months of June to September. It is the cloudiest centre of New Zealand with 1580 hours of sunshine per annum.

The average temperature high ranges from 18.4°C in January to 11.1°C in August. Due to the relatively high latitude (46° 42'), the city enjoys nearly 16 hours of daylight at the summer solstice in late December.

Invercargill is "The City of Water and Light". This refers to the long summer twilights and the aurora australis (southern lights). The water reference, humorists suggest, comes from notorious horizontal, driving rain in high wind at the corner of the two main streets, Dee and Tay. A recent sign also states "Invercargill, where dreams can come true" with an image from the 2005 film The World's Fastest Indian.

Weather averages for Invercargill
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	18.6 (65)	18.8 (66)	17.2 (63)	15 (59)	12.2 (54)	9.7 (49)	9.5 (49)	11 (52)	12.9 (55)	14.4 (58)	15.8 (60)	17.5 (64)	14.4 (58)
Average low °C (°F)	9.4 (49)	9.1 (48)	7.7 (46)	5.8 (42)	3.7 (39)	1.5 (35)	0.9 (34)	1.9 (35)	3.7 (39)	5.5 (42)	6.8 (44)	8.4 (47)	5.4 (42)
Precipitation mm (inch)	114 (4.5)	79 (3.1)	94 (3.7)	100 (3.9)	114 (4.5)	99 (3.9)	88 (3.5)	71 (2.8)	80 (3.1)	95 (3.7)	81 (3.2)	100 (3.9)	1,112 (43.8)
Source: NIWA Climate Data[1] 1971 – 2000

“

Dedicated to the citizens of Invercargill - Alex Lithgow 1908

”

Invercargill provided the inspiration for the Invercargill March, a stirring piece of military music written in 1908 by the composer Alex F. Lithgow, who lived in Invercargill from the age of six, although born in Scotland. The march was written for the City of Invercargill, which Alex Lithgow dearly missed while he was away.

"Invercargill" rates alongside old favourites such as the Gladiator March, Liberty Bell, the Radetsky March, and other stirring Sousa marches. The Invercargill March is especially popular in the United States of America. It is a favorite of the US Marines, and was the Regimental March of the 56th Infantry Regiment of the New York Guard during World War 2. The Invercargill Caledonian Pipe Band continues the Scottish tradition today.

Here is a clip of the Invercargill March as performed by the band of the United States Marine Corps. Listen

Main article: List of schools in Southland, New Zealand#Invercargill City

All High Schools in Invercargill are Year 7-13, following a Ministry of Education review in 2004 that made most of Invercargill's primary schools Year 1-6 and closed the Year 7-8 schools Rosedale Intermediate and Collingwood Intermediate.

• James Hargest College is in northern Invercargill with about 1800 students.
• Aurora College was established in 2005, after Mount Anglem College was closed in 2004.
• Southland Girls' High School In 2005 became the first state Year 7-13 single-sex female school in New Zealand.
• Southland Boys' High School In 2005 became the first state Year 7-13 single-sex male school in New Zealand.
• Verdon College is a co-educational Catholic school with about 620 students.

Most primary schools are Year 1-6.

• St Joseph's, a small Catholic school near St Mary's Basilica
• St Theresa's, a Catholic Year 1-6 school in Windsor
• St Patrick's, a Catholic Year 1-6 school in Newfield
• Ascot Community School, the only public Year 1-8 school
• Fernworth Primary
• Windsor North School, previously Invercargill North School
• Waverly Park School
• Waihopai School, co-ed school for years 1-6
• Salford School, co-ed school for years 1-6 in Rosedale
• St John's Girls' School, small school for years 1-8.
• Sacred Heart Primary School, North Road, Waikiwi. Years 1-6 Special Character Catholic family school serving the northern suburbs of Waikiwi, Grasmere and Makarewa.
• Donovan Primary School

• Peter Arnett - NBC war correspondent
• Johnnie Checketts - Silver Star, Wingco and Spitfire Ace
• Bill Crawford-Crompton - Silver Star, Air Vice Marshal and WW2 Commander and Ace
• Marton Csokas - actor in major Hollywood films
• Dan Davin - author, editor
• Ernest Godward - inventor of the spiral hairpin and the petrol economiser
• Joseph Hatch - businessman, oil factor
• Rowena Jackson - Royal Ballet prima ballerina
• Chris Knox - infamous (in NZ) alternative rock musician
• Bill Manhire - inaugural N.Z. poet laureate
• Herbert James "Burt" Munro - inventor, motorcycle enthusiast, racer and under-1000 cc land speed record holder.
• Lesley Rumball - FormerSilver Ferns Captain
• Harry Norris (conductor) - A music director of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company
• Herbert Pither - aviation legend of Southland, made cycles, petrol engines, marine engineering etc.
• Victor Spencer - last soldier to be executed in World War I, pardoned in 2005
• Garfield Todd - Prime Minister of Rhodesia
• Jeremy Waldron - prominent legal and political philosopher
• Joseph Ward - Prime Minister of New Zealand
• Jeff Wilson - All Black and Black Cap ("Double All Black")

• Kumagaya, Japan
• Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

• Reed, A. W. (2002). The Reed Dictionary of New Zealand Place Names. Auckland: Reed Books. ISBN 0-7900-0761-4. 

Coordinates: 46°25.5′S, 168°18.6′E

• City of Invercargill
• Invercargill City Council
• ICC Map page
• Invercargill Information Center
• Invercargill Student Forum
• Invercargill Street Map
• Southland Museum and Art Gallery

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