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Iron Age India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| History of South Asia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stone Age | before 3300 BCE | ||||
| Mature Harappan | 2600–1700 BCE | ||||
| Late Harappan | 1700–1300 BCE | ||||
| Iron Age | 1200–300 BCE | ||||
| Maurya Empire | • 321–184 BCE | ||||
| Middle Kingdoms | 230 BCE–1279 CE | ||||
| Gupta Empire | •280–550 | ||||
| Islamic Sultanates | 1206–1596 | ||||
| Mughal Empire | 1526–1707 | ||||
| Maratha Empire | 1674-1818 | ||||
| Sikh Confederacy | 1716-1849 | ||||
| British India | 1858–1947 | ||||
| Modern States | 1947 onwards | ||||
| Timeline | |||||
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The Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent succeeds the Late Harappan (Cemetery H) culture, also known as the last phase of the Indus Valley Tradition. The cultures of the Punjab and Rajasthan in this phase spread eastward across the Gangetic plain. For this reason, the succession of Iron Age cultures of northern India and Pakistan are also known as the Indo-Gangetic Tradition.
The Painted Gray Ware culture (ca 1200-800 BCE) and the Northern Black Polished Ware culture (ca 700-300 BCE) belong to the "Regionalization Era" of the Indo-Gangetic Tradition. This corresponds to the later phase of the Vedic period and Mahajanapadas and the rise of the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka the Great belong to this period.
India enters the classical period from the 6th century BC with the births of Mahavira and Gautama Buddha, followed by the Sanskrit grammar of Panini, the Edicts of Ashoka, and the emerging Middle kingdoms of India.
- Kenoyer, J.M. 1998 Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press and American Institute of Pakistan Studies, Karachi.
- Kenoyer, J. M. 1991a The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and Western India. In Journal of World Prehistory 5(4): 331-385.
- Kenoyer, J. M. 1995a Interaction Systems, Specialized Crafts and Culture Change: The Indus Valley Tradition and the Indo-Gangetic Tradition in South Asia. In The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, edited by G. Erdosy, pp. 213-257. Berlin, W. DeGruyter.
- Shaffer, J. G. 1992 The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age. In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology (3rd Edition), edited by R. Ehrich, pp. 441-464. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.