From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article or section seems to contain embedded lists that may require cleanup. To meet Wikipedia's style guidelines, please help improve this article by: removing items which are not notable, encyclopedic, or helpful from the list(s); incorporating appropriate items into the main body of the article; and discussing this issue on the talk page.

Ironing or smoothing is the work of using a heated tool to remove wrinkles from washed clothes. The common tools for this purpose are called "irons" (sometimes clothes irons, flat irons, or smoothing irons). Modern designs are no longer made of iron, and are heated electrically rather than on a fire.

Ironing works by loosening the bonds between the long-chain polymer molecules in the fibres of the material. While the molecules are hot, the fibres are straightened by the weight of the iron, and they hold their new shape as they cool. Some fabrics, such as cotton, require the addition of water to loosen the intermolecular bonds. Many modern fabrics (developed in or after the mid-twentieth century) are advertised as needing little or no ironing.

Ironing may also be used as a germ/parasite killing hygienic operation.^{[citation needed]}

Contents 1 History 2 Modern ironing equipment 2.1 Manual home irons 2.2 Automatic ironing robots and major home appliances 2.3 Commercial ironing equipment 3 Usage notes 4 Safe ironing temperatures 5 Ergonomy 6 See also 7 External links

Metal pans filled with charcoal were used for smoothing fabrics in China in the 1st century BC. From the 17th century, sadirons or sad irons (from an old word meaning solid) began to be used. They were thick slabs of cast iron, delta-shaped and with a handle, heated in a fire. These were also called flat irons. A later design consisted of an iron box which could be filled with hot coals, which had to be periodically aerated by attaching a bellows. In Kerala in India, burning coconut shells were used instead of charcoal, as they have a similar heating capacity. This method is still in use as a backup device since power outage is frequent. Other box irons had heated metal inserts instead of hot coals. Another solution was a cluster of solid irons that were heated from the single source: as the iron currently in use cools down, it can be quickly replaced by another one that is hot.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there were many irons in use which were heated by a fuel such as kerosene, alcohol, whale oil, natural gas, carbide gas (acetylene) as with carbide lamps, or even gasoline. Some houses were equipped with a system of pipes for distributing natural gas or carbide gas to different rooms in order to operate appliances such as irons, in addition to lights. Despite the risk of fire, liquid-fuel irons were sold in U.S. rural areas up through World War II. On 16 February 1858 W. Vandenburg, and J. Harvey, patented an ironing board that made pressing sleeves and pant legs easier (U.S. Patent 19,390 ).

In the industrialized world, these designs have been superseded by the electric iron, which uses resistive heating from an electric current. The hot plate, called the sole plate, is made of aluminium or stainless steel. The heating element is controlled by a thermostat which switches the current on and off to maintain the selected temperature. The invention of the resistively heated electric iron is credited to Henry W. Seely of New York in 1882. In the same year an iron heated by a carbon arc was introduced in France, but was too dangerous to be successful. The early electric irons had no easy way to control their temperature, and the first thermostatically controlled electric iron appeared in the 1920s. Later, steam was used to iron clothing. Credit to the invention of the steam iron goes to Thomas Sears.

The world's largest collection of irons, encompassing 1300 historical examples of irons from Germany and the rest of the world, is housed in Gochsheim Castle, near Karlsruhe, Germany.

Flat irons

Miniature irons were used for ties, collars etc.

Charcoal iron (open)

Home irons are electrically powered. While usually thought of as manual devices, there are some automatic irons. An entirely different device, a steam press, is used by commercial laundry and dry-cleaning services.

Modern irons available for sale to consumers have some or all of the following features (more expensive models have more features, as one would expect):

• A method for setting the iron down, usually standing on its end, without the hot soleplate touching anything that could be damaged;
• A thermostat ensuring maintenance of a constant temperature usually fitted with
• a temperature control dial allowing the user to select the operating temperatures (usually marked with types of cloth rather than temperatures: silk, "wool", "cotton", "linen", etc.);
• Electrical cord with heat-resistant Teflon (PTFE) insulation.
• Ejection of steam through the clothing during the ironing process;
  • A water reservoir inside the iron used for steam generation;
  • An indicator showing the amount of water left in the reservoir;
  • Constant steam - constantly sends steam through the hot part of the iron into the clothes;
  • Steam burst - sends a burst of steam through the clothes when the user presses a button;
  • (advanced feature) Dial controlling the amount of steam to emit as a constant stream;
  • (advanced feature) Anti-drip system
• Cord control - the point at which the cord attaches to the iron has a spring to hold the cord out of the way while ironing and likewise when setting down the iron (prevents fires, is more convenient, etc.).
• (advanced feature) Anti-burn control - if the iron is left flat (possibly touching clothes) for too long, the iron shuts off to prevent scorching and fires;
• (advanced feature) Energy saving control - if the iron is left undisturbed for several (10 or 15) minutes, the iron shuts off to save energy and prevent fires.
• Cordless irons - the iron is placed on a stand for a short period to warm up, using thermal mass to stay hot for a short period. These are useful for light loads only. Battery power is not viable for irons as they require more power than practical batteries can provide.
• (advanced feature) 3 way auto shut off
• (advanced feature) self-cleaning

• Automatic ironing robots, like the Siemens AG Dressman (see link below), have recently appeared on the market.
• Automatic ironing (major) home appliances: Driron.

Commercial dry-cleaning and full-service laundry providers use a large appliance called a steam press to do most of the work of ironing clothes. Alternately, a rotary iron may be used.

• Irons are commonly available as consumer goods.
• Some commercial-grade irons have a boiler unit separate from the handheld iron.
• Most ironing is done on an ironing board, a small, portable, foldable table with a heat resistant top.
• Some commercial-grade ironing boards incorporate a heating element and a pedal-operated vacuum to pull air through the board and dry the garment.
• Permanent press clothing was developed to reduce the ironing necessary by combining wrinkle-resistant polyester with cotton.
• Commercial laundries typically use steam presses to iron clothes instead of irons;
• Clothes such as shirts, trousers, and skirts are typically ironed, while underwear, socks, sheets, sweaters, and materials where wrinkling is not a factor are not, although this depends on the culture and circumstances.
• Irons cause many fires and burns each year due to their being very heavy, very hot, and often used on ironing boards that can fall over onto small children.
• Irons used to be much more dangerous due to the electrical cords fraying; modern insulation is much safer and better able to cope with being heated.

• Acetate: 143 °C (290 °F)
• Acrylic: 135 °C (275 °F)
• Triacetate: 200 °C (390 °F)
• Cotton: 204 °C (400 °F)
• Linen: 230 °C (445 °F)
• Lycra/Spandex: 135 °C (275 °F)
• Nylon 6.6: 135 °C (275 °F)
• Polyester: 148 °C (300 °F)
• Silk: 148 °C (300 °F)
• Viscose: 190 °C (375 °F)
• Wool: 148 °C (300 °F)

Continuous manual ironing can be a cause of repetitive strain injury to the user's wrist. For alternatives, see Robots and major home appliances.

• Breast ironing
• Extreme ironing
• Hair iron
• Home appliance
• Home robot
• Laundry
• Wardrobe (furniture)

• Siemens Dressman review.
• White River Valley Museum article about charcoal and other antique irons
• History of Ironing