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Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, also known as Sayyid Jamāluddīn Asadābādī and Sayyid Muhammad Ibn Safdar al-Husayn (1838[1]-1897), was one of the founders of Islamic modernism,[2] and a political activist and Islamic nationalist in Afghanistan, Persia, Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century.
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Although some older sources claim that al-Afghani was born in 1838 in Asadabad, a district of Kunar Province in Afghanistan,[3][4] overwhelming documentation (especially a collection of papers left in Iran upon his expulsion in 1891) now proves that he was born and spent his childhood in Iran.[5][6][1] Al-Afghani, who adhered to the Shi'a branch of Islam, claimed to be an Afghan, probably in order to present himself as a Sunni Muslim and to escape oppression by the Iranian government.[5] According to the best evidence, he was educated first at home, then taken by his father for further education to Qazvin, to Tehran, and finally, while he was still a youth, to the Shi'ite shrine cities in Iraq.[5]
In 1857, Jamaluddin Afghani spent a year in Delhi and after performing the pilgrimage of Hajj in Mecca, he returned to Afghanistan in 1858. He became a counselor to the King Dost Mohammad Khan and later to Mohammad Azam. In 1869, the throne of Kabul was occupied by Sher Ali Khan and Jamaluddin Afghani was forced to leave the country.
In 1871, al-Afghani moved to Egypt and began preaching his ideas of political reform. His ideas were considered radical, and he was exiled in 1879. He then traveled to different European and non-European cities: Istanbul, London, Paris, Moscow, St. Petersburg and Munich .
In 1884, al-Afghani began publishing an Arabic newspaper in Paris entitled al-Urwah al-Wuthqa. The newspaper called for a return to the original principles and ideals of Islam, and for greater unity among Islamic peoples. This, al-Afghani argued, would allow the Islamic community to regain its former strength against European powers.
He died on March 9, 1897 in Istanbul and was buried there. In late 1944, due to the request of Afghan government, his remains were taken to Afghanistan and laid in Kabul inside the Kabul University, a mausoleum was erected for him.
- ^ a b Britannica Encyclopædia, Online Edition 2007 - link
- ^ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Afghani.html Jamal al-Din al-Afghani] Jewish Virtual Library
- ^ From Reform to Revolution, Louay Safi, Intellectual Discourse 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1 LINK
- ^ Historia, Le vent de la révolte souffle au Caire, Baudouin Eschapasse, LINK
- ^ a b c N.R. Keddie, "Afghāni, Jamāl al-dīn", Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2005-2007
- ^ N. R. Keddie, "Sayyid Jamal ad-Din “al-Afghani”: A Political Biography", Berkeley, 1972
- Bashiri, Iraj, Bashiri Working Papers on Central Asia and Iran, 2000.
- Black, Antony (2001). The History of Islamic Political Thought. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93243-2.
- Cleveland, William (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4048-9.
- "Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Oct. 2005<http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9043289>.
- Keddie, Nikki Ragozin. Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani: A Political biography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
- Watt, William Montgomery (1985). Islamic Philosophy and Theology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0749-8.
- Mehrdad Kia, Pan-Islamism in Late Nineteenth-Century Iran, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 30-52 (1996).