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James Scott
1st Duke of Monmouth
Full name	James Crofts
Titles	Duke of Monmouth Earl of Doncaster Baron Scott of Tynedale Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire Custos Rotulorum of Staffordshire Duke of Buccleuch, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
Born	April 9, 1649
	Rotterdam, Netherlands
Died	July 15, 1685 (aged 36)
	Tower Hill, London, England
Consort to	Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch
Royal House	House of Stuart
Father	Charles II of England
Mother	Lucy Walter

James Crofts, later James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth and of Buccleuch (April 9, 1649 – July 15, 1685), was an English nobleman who was executed in 1685 after making an unsuccessful attempt to claim the British throne, the Monmouth Rebellion. He was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, the illegitimate son of Charles II and his mistress, Lucy Walter, who had followed him into continental exile after the execution of Charles II's father, King Charles I.

Contents 1 Biography 2 Children 3 Duke of Monmouth in fiction 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links

Lucy Walter had almost as bad a reputation as the prince himself, and it is not at all certain that Charles was the natural father of James. There were rumours that Charles and Lucy did marry, secretly, which would have made James the true and legitimate heir to the throne. Whatever the truth, Charles recognised James as his son, but did not make him his heir. After succeeding to the throne, Charles married the Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza; by this time Lucy Walter was dead.

In 1663, at the age of 14, shortly after having been brought to England, James was created Duke of Monmouth with the subsidiary titles of Earl of Doncaster and Baron Scott of Tynedale, all three in the Peerage of England, and married off to the wealthy Anne Scott, 4th Countess of Buccleuch. The day after his marriage, they were made Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch. Although he showed no aptitude for government, James was popular, particularly since he was a Protestant, whereas the official heir to the throne, the brother of Charles II, James, Duke of York, was a Catholic.

In 1665, at the age of 16, Monmouth served in the English fleet under his uncle the Duke of York in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Later in the war, he returned to England to assume his first military command as commander of a troop of cavalry. In 1669 he was made colonel of the King's Life Guards, one of the most senior appointments in the army. When the Captain General of the army, George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, died in 1670, Monmouth became the senior officer in the army at the age of 21. At the outbreak of the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672, a brigade of 6,000 British troops was sent to serve as part of the French army (in return for money paid to King Charles), with Monmouth as its commander. In the campaign of 1673 and in particular at the Siege of Maastricht, Monmouth gained a considerable reputation as one of Britain's finest soldiers.

In 1678 Monmouth was commander of the Anglo-Dutch brigade, now fighting for the United Provinces against the French. He distinguished himself at the battle of St Denis, further increasing his reputation. The following year, after his return to Britain, he commanded the small army raised to put down the rebellion of the Scottish Covenanters. Despite being heavily outnumbered, he decisively defeated the (admittedly poorly equipped) Covenanter rebels at the Battle of Bothwell Bridge on June 22, 1679. By this time it was becoming apparent that Charles II would have no legitimate heir, and Monmouth was regarded by many as preferable to the Duke of York.

Following the discovery of the so-called Rye House Plot in 1683, Monmouth was obliged to go into exile in the Dutch United Provinces. On his father's death Monmouth led the "Monmouth Rebellion", an attempt to take the throne from his uncle. He declared himself King on June 20, 1685 at Taunton. On July 6, 1685 the two armies met at the Battle of Sedgemoor, the second last to be fought on English soil. Monmouth's makeshift force could not compete with the regular army, and was soundly defeated. Monmouth himself was captured and arrested in Dorset. Following this, Parliament passed an Act of Attainder, 1 Ja. II c. 2. ^[1] Despite begging for mercy, he was executed by Jack Ketch on July 15, 1685, on Tower Hill. It is said that it took multiple blows of the axe to sever his head (though some sources say it took eight blows, the official Tower of London website says it took five blows [1]).

His dukedoms of Monmouth and Buccleuch were forfeited, but the subsidiary titles of the dukedom of Monmouth were restored to the Duke of Buccleuch.

According to legend^[2], a portrait was painted of Monmouth after his execution. The tradition states that it was realised after the execution that there was no official portrait of the Duke -- for a son of a King, and someone who had claimed the throne, albeit in vain, this was unheard of. So his body was exhumed, the head stitched back on the body, and it was sat for its portrait to be painted. However, there is at least one formal portrait of Monmouth^[3] tentatively dated to before his death currently in the National Portrait Gallery in London, and another painting once identified with Monmouth^[4] that shows a sleeping or dead man that could have given rise to the story.

The theory that the Duke of Monmouth was in fact The Man in the Iron Mask seems to be based on the reasoning that James II would not execute his own nephew; someone else was executed instead; and James II arranged for Monmouth to be taken to France and put in the custody of his cousin Louis XIV of France.^{[citation needed]}

His marriage to Anne Scott resulted in the birth of seven children:

• Charles Scott, Earl of Doncaster (August 24, 1672 – February 9, 1673/1674).
• James Scott, Earl of Dalkeith (May 23, 1674 – March 14, 1705). He was married on January 2, 1693/1694 to Henrietta Hyde, daughter of Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester. They were parents to Francis Scott, 2nd Duke of Buccleuch.
• Lady Anne Scott (February 17, 1675 – August 13, 1685).
• Henry Scott, 1st Earl of Deloraine (1676 – December 25, 1730). He was first married in 1693 to Ann Duncombe, daughter of William Duncombe who served as Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. The marriage resulted in the birth of Francis Scott, 2nd Earl of Deloraine, Henry Scott, 3rd Earl of Deloraine and a daughter Anne Scott who died young. He was secondly married on March 14, 1726 to Mary Howard, daughter of Colonel Philip Howard and Mary Jennings and granddaughter of Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire. The marriage resulted in the birth of daughters Lady Georgiana Caroline Scott, later wife to James Peachey, 1st Baron Selsey, and Henrietta Scott.
• Francis Scott (1678 – buried December 8, 1679).
• Lady Isabella Scott (d. February 18, 1748).
• Lady Charlotte Scott (buried September 5, 1683).

His affair with mistress Eleanor Needham, daughter of Sir Robert Needham of Lambeth resulted in the birth of three children:

• James Crofts (died March, 1732, Major General)
• Henriette Crofts (c. 1682 – February 27, 1729/1730). She was married around 1697 to Charles Paulet, 2nd Duke of Bolton.
• Isabel Crofts died young.

Toward the end of his life he conducted an affair with Henrietta, Baroness Wentworth.

Monmouth rebellion sets the stage for the premise of a classic adventure novel Captain Blood by Rafael Sabatini.

The Duke of Monmouth in a minor character in The Anubis Gates by Tim Powers.

Duke of Monmouth is one of the secondary characters in Neil Stephenson's work Quicksilver.

Joe Frank performed a 1985 radio broadcast "Pretender" based on the life of Monmouth.

• UK topics

• Violet Wyndham, Protestant Duke: Life of the Duke of Monmouth (ISBN 0-297-77099-3).

• List of descendants
• regiments.org

Political offices
Preceded by The Duke of Buckingham	Master of the Horse 1674 – 1679	In commission Title next held by The Duke of Richmond
Legal offices
Preceded by The Earl of Oxford	Justice in Eyre south of the Trent 1673 – 1679	Succeeded by The Earl of Chesterfield
Military offices
New title	Commander-in-Chief of the Forces 1674 – 1679	Vacant Title next held by The Duke of Marlborough
Vacant	Captain-General 1678 – 1679	Vacant
Honorary titles
Preceded by The Lord Belasyse	Lord Lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire 1673 – 1679	Succeeded by The Earl of Mulgrave
Preceded by The Lord Brooke	Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire 1677 – 1679	Succeeded by The Earl of Sunderland
Preceded by The Lord Paget	Custos Rotulorum of Staffordshire 1678 – 1680
Peerage of England
New creation	Duke of Monmouth 1663 – 1685	Forfeit
	Earl of Doncaster 1663 – 1685	Vacant Title forfeit Title next held by The Duke of Buccleuch
Peerage of Scotland
New creation	Duke of Buccleuch 1st creation 1663 – 1685	Forfeit

v • d • e Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces
Duke of Monmouth • Earl of Marlborough • Duke of Leinster • Duke of Ormonde • Earl of Stair • George Wade • Viscount Ligionier • Marquess of Granby • Lord Amherst • Henry Conway • Lord Amherst • Duke of York • Sir David Dundas • Duke of York • Duke of Wellington • Lord Hill • Duke of Wellington • Viscount Hardinge • Duke of Cambridge • Viscount Wolseley • Earl Roberts